Angostura Strategy Most Profitable Rum Company

angostura scheme Most Profitable Rum Comp allAnalysis of AngosturaIn this chapter the information gathered from primitive and secondary resources pass on be economic consumptiond to analyse the merchandiseing scheme and carrying out of Angostura SBR. The dream of Angostura Ltd is to be the more or less profitable unmated fraternity in the Caribbean and continuously improve their aim as the largest aromatic bitters caller-out in the universe. And their mission is to bring the spirit of Trinidad Tobago to e very node experience by providing favored harvest-times and excellent crossings and excellent customer service. From these bidding it is believed that Angostura would wish the company to be the flagship brand or output of the rural ara and that they would incorporate these statements when developing their strategies to commercialise placeplace their products .Over the past quintuple years the company do been finished a roach which would bring affect ed their existence and performance within the foodstuff. They suck in overcome disastrous obstacles such as having their old (CLICO) pargonnt company file for bankruptcy which would watch affected their reputation and their business operations. In this chapter the information and results collect from the interviews, observation and surveys forget be analysed and compared with those of the competitor.Angostura dodging Past PresentIn the past it could clearly be compulsive that the previous system was non almost having a dominant presence in the market only if much sampleing to wee-wee their products in the foreign markets. It can safely be tell that Angostura take a scheme of a merger and acquisition type because they were purchasing and forming agreements with another(prenominal) distilleries. In 1999 they bought the minority role in Bacardi Ltd, in 2002 they bought Burn Stewart a scotch distillery in Scotland. And they too formed alliances/alliances with Dewar s Ltd. These developments assisted in the distribution of the Angostura brands into untapped markets. They were capitalising on the brand names and the tie-up of the brands to penetrate the markets. It can clearly determine that they take a schema from the Ansoff matrix to the better(p) of their faculty to become a leader in the alcoholic alcoholism industry in the world. At that time of the company existence, then chairman and owner of Angostura Lawrence Duprey who is a visionary axiom these products as being world class and it should be lendable to the world. This schema could be considered to be successful because some of the products won world-wide awards in the GermanysMundus Vini Competition and International liquor Challenge UK, but there was some neglecting to their home market as there was little awareness of the brands in the topical anesthetic market . There was little announce over those years that are when the foreign competitors penetrated the market wit h their intensive merchandising tactics and influence a significant number of consumers to set up from rum to scotch. The foreign competition came into the market through distribution via local distributors. The main product that affected Angostura market share which they held for years was scotch. Starting in 2010 the forward-looking CEO obdurate to enforced a upstart strategy to take the company back to its rightful(prenominal) postal service in the market and eradicate all competition. The companys CEO Wayne yip Choy verbalise he saw an untapped opportunity to increase rum sales in what had been a stagnant market for the move 25 years or so. The growth of rum over the last 25 years has been level(p) at about 500,000 case per year while whiskey sales went from 34,000 to 267,000 cases. The CEO has endorsed this pass professing that it was successful (Newsday 19th May 2011 page 3)He utiliseed a market penetration strategy which consisted of several changes to the compa nys structure and products. These changes include an immediate stop to distribution of all competitor products such as Bacardi and Dewars and a repackaging of their rums and repositioning the brands.Albarran et al (2006) states that the industry life cycle helps in understanding the dynamics of a market structure and the entry, exit and survival patterns of firms. The rum industry can be considered or characterized as being in its decline phase as they gravel not been active in the market equal they should. There is a moderate entrance of competition into this industry however the industry is booming to Angostura as they are the leaders in the rum distribution which makes it difficult for any new company to sell rum and penetrate the market. notwithstanding there is a heavy threats in the alcohol market from brands such as Johnnie Walker Black (JWB) which is a scotch beverage and has capture a significant segment of the market. The company amenable for the market strategies of this product is AS Brydens who follow the strategyThe award strategy being employed by Angostura can be best identified as a Differentiation out of the porter generic strategy. The product eminence strategy in any market gains competitive advantage from being able to offer superfluous value to their customers that they may in some way appreciate and value. Differentiation strategies are not about pursuing uniqueness for the rice beer of being different it is about understanding customers and how the product can meet their wishs, differentiation is about uniqueness, establishing differentiation advantage requires creativity. They perplex achieved this by offering a premium product with a unique sense of taste and new packaging to the consumers. Presently in the market Angostura have fierce competition by foreign competitors who have entered the local alcohol market via distribution channels such as AS Brydens and Alstons Marketing Company who control the berthful brands such as Johnnie Walker Black and Dewars respectively. The Angostura angiotensin converting enzyme Barrel Rum (SBR) is product that the company is actively marketing truely. This product is an old product that has been rebranded and re-positioned to a new guide earshot to regain its market share from scotch. The main competitor for the SBR is JWB. JWB is the most preferred drink for upcoming professionals and socialites between the ages of 18- 35 which is in any case the same target audience that angostura is also seeking subsequently for SBR. The JWB has been able to captivate this market after persistent years of active marketing strategies over the last 10 years and how they have positioned the product in the minds of this target group. Angostura have realised that this target group will be the future leaders of the country and decided to focalisation SBR on this target audience. There are many marketing strategies that they may have evaluated to deliver the best approach to re ach with this group. But from observations and analysis it can be determined that they may have adopted the challenger strategy whereby they develop a strategy that is similar to the market leader (JWB) and try to capitalise on it. This strategy is effective because it scarpers to feed off the energy or success of the market leader. However it can be safely said that the strategy that they adopted to allow them maximum mileage and perforate the market without much hindrance is between the market penetration or product development strategy out of the Ansoff Matrix. The market penetration would be a suitable strategy to adopt because it contributes to the increase in market share and it is a great growth strategy as it contributes to the increase usage of the product. The marketing mix that angostura utilise for SBR utilize can support the justification of the market penetration strategy. They implemented extensive advertizement via newspapers, billboards, radio and event sponso rships. They flooded the market with the SBR adverts aggressively targeting scotch particularly JWB. The price strategy that they also used would allow the product to penetrate the market because it was cheaper than the competitor making it more affordable and attractive to the consumers.The product development strategy may have been more align to the general strategy, and it justifies by producing a lofty quality rum for its consumer hence the reason for an entire repositioning of the product. SBR was prone a drastic change from the bottle to the way it was presented to the world. The packaging of the bottle improved to a sleeker swimming and sexy look that would to appeal to the specific target group as its similar to the shapes of their competitors in the market. These changes were behind introduced to the country exploitation the BOLD concept to explain the approach that they adapted. The marketing mix that they used back up this by the use of having a launch event to in troduce the new packaging of the SBR .This was then was back up by intensive print and billboards advertisements describing the shape and look of the bottle. The ads also describe the flavour of the rum and wherefore its better than the scotch. Angostura can be deemed to seek a type of alteration in implementing this strategy and introducing a forgotten secret from their distillery. This product is not a new product as it has been in existence for at least 4 years and it was not marketed to the public. It was the decision of the previous CEO to share this secret with the public rather than having it on their shelves that the House of Angostura as an ornament collecting dust. Mr Yip Choy felt that the product deserved and audience and this was the catalyst that began the introduction of a new old product into the lives of alcohol consumers of Trinidad and Tobago.Angostura have core competences that they can use to their advantage to give them the competitive brink over their comp etitors. Core competences such as they have the factory readily available to them as they have highly skilled staff to produce these rums. They have the history of the company which is known to produce high quality products, that have received world class awards and they dont have the to pay excessive taxes to import an faultless goods compared to the competitors who are faced with high taxes and duties that they need to pay to import a finished product into the country and pass on these cost to the consumers.In analysing the strategy a random survey was conducted online to measure the potence of the campaign to date. The results of this survey is discussed on a lower floor .Based on the results from the survey it can be assume that the strategy has not been totally effective. They have been able to develop a discussion or buzz about SBR that probably led to a considerable amount of persons trying the product at bars, clubs, events where ever the product was available after its mega launch and print intensive campaign. The target group for this campaign is one of an elite nature. The target audience for SBR are males who are within the age group of 25-35 years old who are professional or upcoming managers, who live in urban or well developed areas. Their income ranging between -20k 30 k per month belonging in the social class of A and B. This target audience tends to be the trendsetters of the new generation the mangers, the upcoming executives, leading accountants, and the influential people within the society. There is some reverence if this is the ideal age group that Angostura should be focussing their strategies to as with this audience they are season and have peculiar and specific needs and they really change unless influence by something very drastic. in like manner to note that Angostura will have a tough challenge to persuade all fasten established scotch drinkers to switch to rum because it two different types of alcohol . However with thi s new strategy that they have employed it may be successful.Their marketing strategy also consist of a brand strategy which conveys the entire image and direction of the brand so that the target audience can bushel and create a connection with the product. The brand strategy is a part of the marketing strategy because this is responsible for the positioning the brand and the other attributes of the brand. This will play a significant role into the development of this strategy because of the target audience and the competitor that they are going up once against they need to have a very fierce and aggressive strategy to accomplish this feat. In analysing the brand profile it can be assumed that the shop Identity Prism created by Jean-Nol Kapferer model was used to develop this framework. Physical prospect of SBR- Simple packaging, smooth taste, sweet aroma premium rum dark rich colour Brand personality -Rich, complete, Independent and distinguished customer Reflection It entic es the consumers palate , satisfies them, helps them re-calibrate Customer Self Image-Discerning, Unique, part of a select group and well educatedThe image of the brand has to be well positioned as to have great influence over the target audience. Some of the attributes of the brand that were indicated above do apply to how the consumer potable it wants to be seen because they are image driven because of the status that they hold within society. They mostly associate themselves with products that are align to the character. SBR have the incumbent brand profiles that twill meet the needs of the target audience. Angostura has positioned the product as a premium product to compete with JWB which is also positioned in that bracket. It is imperative that the Angostura Ltd employ active and aggressive tactics to persuade this group because what they are trying to do is a drastic switch of a consumers taste. From this strategy it was also observed that Angostura is trying to influence co nsumers behaviours by providing facts and additional information about the distilling process about rum and scotch to convince the consumers to switch. It can be deemed that they use the black box model to influence this change of behaviour. The concept of the model is that it suggests consumers will respond in particular shipway to different stimuli after they have processed those stimuli in their minds. These messages were conveyed in their ads such as Because Spirits mature faster in warm climates a 5 year old rum has a better aged flavour than a much older scotch.Age has nothing to do with maturity. Statements like this will cause the consumer to think and processed the stimuli in their minds.Alcohol Sales In Trinidad Tobago alcohol is associated with most rituals or events because the culture is a celeb evaluation and socializing culture. When looking at the sales of alcohol it can be seen that sales continue to rise for the period of 2008-2010 even though the Governor of ce ntral bank tell that the country was going thru a depression. This statement was not a reality as it was seen that even though the economy was considered cash strapped the population was still purchasing these products as regular. The chart below, illustrates the sales within the alcohol industry over the past years. There was a slight decline in sales in 2007/ 2008 but from end 2008 the industry gained momentum and have increased and plateau till 2010. During this period of 2007 2009 Trinidad Tobago was considered to be going thru a decline in economic activity other known as a niche and according to philosophy, goods of this nature tends to increase in a recession as these products are used as a way of comforting due to financial hardship. Most consumers had switch brands and purchase a cheaper brand which gave them more value for their money. During this period beers such as Carib and Stag had significantly increased during this recession and posed a threat to AngosturaTable 1 Yearly litre cases in 000sSpirits200520062007200820092010Rum513.5525.9502.1497501497Vodka27.7529.53133.536.6537.85Scotch207238.5240.5244.9224.7211.65Beer395400420438452465Source IWSR 2010At this present time Trinidad Tobago is said to be experience an increase in productivity which indicates there is an increase in disposable income. An increase in disposable income leads to increase purchases of items that are not necessities such as alcohol. Angostura would have accessed these conditions when developing their strategy to influence consumption. The sales of SBR have increase significantly for 2009 where only 250 bottles were sold compared to 2010 where they sold 4594 bottles . The sales in 2010 could have increase significantly due to the launch, events and high level of awareness that was happening for the period of kinsfolk to December. This is a good sign for the brand as it show that there is a possible market for the product.Johnnie Walker Strategy JWB marketing strategy can be determined to be an aggressive strategy but through a focus approached. They use world-class marketing capabilities to combine with flair and weightlessness to delight consumers with both a trusted brand favourites and the introduction of new and exciting innovations. JWB thrives on innovation as they believe thats the way to the consumers especially with all the available technology .They have also adopted a Premiumization strategy which position it as an elites product which is what Angostura has implemented with the SBR.JWB has put a lot of emphasis on testing different aspects of the marketing mix so that they can understand what the consumers wants when advertising or on-premise or digital. They have clearly identified who their target audience and have developed the necessary strategies to consume this group. The clientele that they are chasing after are selective just like the SBR so they have developed a framework within their strategy to attract this audience which is known as FACE. (Flair, Agility, Customer centric and Evolving) These are the watch words that they use to effectively acquire and maintain their customer base. This strategy has been proven to be effective because the sales of this product have increase continuously year after year. Table 2Scotch Yearly litre cases in 000s in Trinidad Tobago Brand20052006200720082009JWB2629293640Black White3035333634Dewars White Label6.857.858.158.257.75Chivas Regal44.84.9553Source IWSR ReportJohnnie Walker campaign is as less aggressive print wise but they capitalize on digital and relationship building in their campaigns and this is how they execute the FACE frame work. Flare is particularly important in this course of instruction because consumers care about it. Every time they select a brand theyre making a statement about themselves its not about functional performance.The brand has flair in the way they execute the ads, the progression they way they present the product to the consumer, it is executed in a manner thats appeals to the target audience that distinguishes itself from the others. They have implemented campaigns that are fully integrated campaign across multiple channels, above the line and below the line that motivates and engages consumers and builds affinity and loyalty for the brand. They also use a premium pricing strategy to position the product as a high end product that distinguishes from the other brands.Analysis of survey A survey was carried out online to evaluate several issues and the effectiveness of the campaign. The sample size of 100 was used base on a random sampling where 73 % percent of the respondents were male and 27 % female of which 75 % were the suitable age profile for SBR. Based on the educational background profile that meets the criteria of SBR 58% of the respondents had a degree or even higher qualification which meets the profile. This is based on the profile given on the brand profile for SBR. In the survey questions were as ked to get the factual, felling and emotional statements about the product and their experiences. When asked the question if they have every tasted the single drum rum 69.2% indicated that they have but when asked if they will drink the drink again 34% said no ,while 40.3% indicated that they may try it . This is not positive signs for SBR as they want to cause repeat purchase as this is what will take the product to the pinnacle to surpass scotch.Figure 1Figure 2When asked how they found out about the product the most popular responses were from word of spill the beans and TV. However the word of mouth can only happen because someone saw an ad. From my interview with Ms De la Rosa VP Marketing Manager, she indicated that part of the strategy was to create a conversation and buzz about the products, it can be said that they achieved this because of the percentage of persons were informed by word of mouth. It can also said that the aggressive print campaign which included newspape rs and billboards contributed to this discussion, but some of the comments about the ads were not that compliment as some of the respondents indicated that the ads were not that appealing.Figure 3The art of marketing is to influence ones fashion to try a new product and this is done by creating a strategy utilizing the marketing mix and tactics that that will appeal to the target audience that will encourage them to try the product . During the Christmas and carnival 2011 Single barrel rum is in most if not all of the events promoting the rum in an attempt to push the product on the consumers and maintain awareness. However this strategy may not have been the contributing factor that influenced persons to try the drink as the main reason for trying it was curiosity and friends. When new products arrive in the market people are hesitant to try it unless they are heavily influence by some factor, they tend not to come out of their safety net. But recommendations by peers have can inf luence their behavior as they will trust their friend who has endorsed the product. The ads that appeared would have contributed in some way but it was not a major influence.The product was introduced received some great reviews for its new shape an packing as this was one of the highest ranking issues that the audience like about the product . The taste was the leading prime(prenominal) of what they like about the product. The new taste is differently and it seems to be a key ingredient for this product. Angostura has used the taste to clearly justify their existence and why scotch should be a second option to that brand. This taste can be used as their competitive advantage along with the health benefits for overwhelming those beverages.The brand attributes associated was not communicated because when asked how they felt about the drink or association with the brand 60% said they felt nothing and another 20 % felt refreshing. The brand has specific attributes associate with the image of the product, feelings of independence, noteworthy, leader, trendsetter are the some of the words associated with the brand. It can be determined that it may be too early in the products awareness cycle for these attitudes to be conveyed in the targets audience mind but, with fierce and persistent competition on the outside. From the 100 respondents it can be clearly stated that the marketing /advertising campaign was effective as overall 65% found that the campaign was good or excellent. This is a very good rating for the company and their agency, but the campaign being a good one may not realise into the figures that the company would like for their sales because the overall objective for the campaign is to increase the sales of the SBR and move into the market share of the scotch market. Figure 4In the survey it was important to find out what the public thinks about rum so questions were asked to get this rating. The leading drink to be a first choice was scotch. Rum was 3rd 4th choice to beer and wine. Angostura has tried to influence the target audience to switch the use of rum as a first preference. This change is a behavior change that they need to address to get the target audience to switch. When asked why they like this preferred drink the most favorite response was taste. Taste is important to the consumer as a result Angostura can look at this capitalizing on the taste to gain an edge over their competitors.Table 3When socialising what is your preferred drink of choice? Answer Options1st2nd3rd4th5th6thScotch/whisky22167441Rum9613976Vodka7101112113Beer1117111021Wine971010143Other424226digital MarketingIn the 21 century where there is so much different technology and ways for communication and reaching a target audience a company should utilise the. In 2007 Heineken decided to create a marketing campaign that would rejuvenate its brand among Puerto Rican youth, it recognized that 30-second TV spots and other forms of traditional media woul d not be the most effective means of reaching its target audience. Instead, the company seized upon the computer architecture of the online world to build a powerful, interactive virtual universe named Heineken City . They were able to fuse the digital world along with the traditional media to develop a campaign. From research conducted for this paper it was concluded that Angostura has not utilised these digital marketing tools to their advantage to date and these tools are used by the target audience on a regular basis. They have access on a daily basis as they are have it available to them at home , in the office or on the go on their Smartphones such as blackberry and iphones. Campaigns like this one are transforming the nature of advertising in the digital age. Today, alcohol brands are promoting their products across a wide spectrum of new platform from social networks to agile phones to immersive, virtual communities. This marriage of communications and commerce has benefite d from a perfect storm of converging developments the rise of a global generation of Internet-savvy users the growing capability to access online content at any hour, especially through mobile devices powerful new digital marketing platforms such as Facebook, Google, and YouTube and the growing sophistication and power of both online advertising techniques and the companies that offer them.Angostura has only utilised YouTube to upload two of their TV ads and no presence of a facebook page. Their immediate competitor JWB, have developed extensive tactics utilising the digital world. They have developed mobile applications for Smartphones, they have utilised all the social media which includes facebook and twitter to keep their customer current on all promotion and events that are happening with the brand. They have embraced the technology and expanded on it using it to the

The Classification Of Outliers Psychology Essay

The Classification Of Outliers Psychology EssayThe concern over the outliers is sensation of the challenge existed for at to the lowest degree several hundred years. Outliers argon the observances those be apart from the bulk of info. Edgeworth (1887) wrote that discordant ruminations those appe ared differently from opposite observations with which they are combined. Al nearly every selective information influence has the outliers in different percentages. Grubbs (1969) said that an outlier is wholeness that appears to crook signifi washstandtly from other values of selective information.Sometimes outliers may non be noniced still most of the times they preempt change the entire statistical information analysis. As Peter (1990) explored those observations which do not follow the pattern of the majority of the data are called outliers. At the earlier stage of the data analysis, heavyset statistics much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the essay mean and variance, outlier s sack up cause totally different conclusion. For example a hypothesis may or may not be rejected overdue to outliers. In suit satisfactory regression line outliers can significantly change the slope. The detection of outliers before analyzing the data analysis is not d one(a) then it may lead to model mis particular(prenominal)ation, biased parameter estimation and in castigate results. It is and so important to call the outliers prior to proceed further for analysis and modeling.An observation (or cuneusset of observations) that appears to be inconsistent with the anticipate of data set is called an outlier (Barnet1995). The exact definition of an outlier depends on the conjecture regarding the data structure and the regularitys which are apply to detect the outliers.Outliers are observations that appear to be unusual with respect to the difference of the data.Classification of OutliersOutliers are class into one of four classes. First, an outlier may arise from proce dural error, such as a data first appearance error or a mistake in coding. These outliers should be identified in the data cleaning stage, but if overlooked, they should be eliminated or recorded as missing values. Second, an outlier is the observation that occurs as the result of an wondrous event, which is an explanation for the uniqueness of the observation. In this case the police detective must(prenominal) decide whether the exceptional event should be confronted in the sample. If so, the outlier should be retained in the analysis if not, it should be deleted. Third, outliers may represent extraordinary observations for which the look intoer has no explanation. Although these are the outliers most likely to be omitted, they may be retained if the detective feels they represent a valid segment of the world. Finally, outliers may be observations that fall within the ordinary scope of values on each of the variables but are unique in their combination of values crosswa ys the variables. In these situations, the researcher should be very wakeful in analyzing why these observations are outliers. Only when item evidence is available that discounts an outlier as a valid member of the population should it is deleted.Outliers may be genuinely or ericaceous. Real outliers are observations whose actual values are very different from those observed for rest of the data and violate plausible relationships among variables. Erroneous outliers are observations those are intertwineed due to mis cut acrossing errors in the data-collection process. data set either come from homogeneous groups or from heterogeneous groups, throw away different characteristics regarding a specific variable, outliers occurred by incorrect measurements including data entry errors or by coming from a different population than the rest of the data. If the measurements in correct, it represent a rare event.Outliers are often caused by human error, such as errors in data collection, recording, or entry. Data from an interview can be recorded incorrectly, upon data entry. Outliers may cause from intentional or motivated misreporting.M both times the outliers come when participants purposefully report incorrect data to experimenters or surveyors. A participant may make a conscious parturiency to sabotage the research or may be acting from other motives. Depending on the details of the research, one of two things can happen inflation of all estimates, or production of outliers. If all subjects respond the equivalent way, the dispersion entrust shift upward, not generally causing outliers. However, if only a small sub sample of the group responds this way to the experimenter, or if multiple researchers conduct interviews, then outliers can be created. some other cause of outliers is sampling error. It is possible that a few members of a sample were inadvertently drawn from a different population than the rest of the sample.Outliers can be caused from measurem entization failure like the weak research methodology, unusual phenomena faulty equipment is another common cause of outliers. By these causes data can be legally toss away if the researchers are not interested in studying the particular phenomenon in question. unitary emblem of data entry error is implausible or impossible values, for they make no sense when considering the judge feed of the data. An out-of-range value is often easy to identify since it will most likely lie easy outside the bulk of the data.Another common cause for the occurrence of outliers is the rare event. Extreme observations that for some correct reason are just fine, but do not fit within the typical range of other data valuesThere are many possible sources of outliers. Firstly, purely deterministic reasons those hold reading or measurement error, recording error and execution error.Secondly, some reasons are pointed out by Beckman and cook (1983) they arrange the reasons of outliers into three broad categories. These are global model weaknesses, local model weaknesses and born(p) variability.When we replace the present model with a new are revised model for the entire sample. metre of response variables are in the wrong case is called Global model weakness.Local model weaknesses are use only on the outlying observations and not to the model as a whole. And Natural variability is the variation over the population sooner than any weakness of the model. These reasons are uncontrollable and reflect the properties of distribution of a correct basic model describing the generation of the data.The outliers occurs due to entry error or a mistake in coding should be identified in the data cleaning stage, but if overlooked, they should be eliminated or recorded as missing values.1.3 Problematic effects of outliersOutliers of either type may lure on the results of statistical analysis, so they should be identified by using some suitable and genuine detection methods prior to perform ing data analysis. When potential outlier(s) is encountered, the first suspicion may be that such observations resulted from a mistake or other extraneous effect, and should be discarded. However, if the outlier in real it may be contained some important cultivation rough the underlying population of real values. Non judicious removal of observation that appears to be outliers may results in underestimation of the uncertainty present in the data.In the presence of outliers, any statistical test based on sample means and variances can be distorted. There will be Bias or Distortion of estimates and it will give wrong results. The inflated sum of significants makes it marvellous and will partition sources of variation in the data into meaningful components.The decision point of a import test, p-value, is also distorted. Statistical significance is changed due to presence of a few or even one unusual data value.The strong building of the statistical methods is based on weak legs of assumptions. Incorrect assumptions about the distribution of the data can also lead to the presence of suspected outliers. If the data may have a different structure than the researcher originally assumed, and long or short-term trends may affect the data in unanticipated ways. Depending upon the goal of the research, the extreme values may or may not represent an aspect of the inherent variability of the data.Outliers can represent a nuisance, error, or legitimate data. They can also be inspiration for inquiry. Before discarding outliers, researchers need to consider whether those data contain valuable information that may not necessarily relate to the intended study, but has importance in a more global sense..The considerable effects of outliers are bias or distortion of Estimates, inflated sum of square and ended analysis of the entire data set at faulty conclusions. The key features of descriptive data analysis like the mean, variance and regression coefficient are highly aff ected by outliers.1.4 Aspects of outlierThere are two considerable aspects. The first aspect explains that, outliers have a negative effect on data analysis. Outliers generally cause to increase error variance and reduce the power of statistical tests. Outliers violate the assumption of normality. Outliers can seriously fascinate estimates.The second aspect of outliers in that they are correct, and they may be provides effectual information about data set. It the outliers are most information points they should not be automatically discarded without justification. In this case the analyses perform the analysis both with and without these outliers, and examine their specific influence on the results. If this influence is minor, then it may not matter whether or not they are omitted. If their influence is substantial, then it is credibly best to present the results of both analysis, and simply alert the researcher to the fact that these points may be questionable.The data set may co ntain outliers and influential observation. It is thus important for the data analyst to be able to identify such observation if the data set contains a single outlier or influential observation then identification of such an observation in relatively naive. On the other hand, if the data set contain more than one outlier or influential observations the identification of such observation becomes more difficult. This is due to the marking and swamping effects. Masking occurs when an outlying subset goes undected because of the presence of adjacent subset of outliers. Swamping occurs when good observations are incorrectly identified as outliers because of the presence of other outliers.An outlier is the observation that occurs as the result of an extraordinary event. In this case the researcher must decide about that event. If it represents the sample then that outlier should be retained in the analysis. If that event should not represent the sample it should be deleted.Some time out liers may represent extraordinary observations but the researcher can not explain it. These types of the outlier may be omitted but sometime the may be retained if the researcher feels that they represent a valid segment of the population.Both the detection and the suitable treatment of outliers are therefrom important. In the present scenario of modern sciences where the messy data sets are generated, potentially troublesome outlier detection method(s) should be researched and presented at one place The main feathers of such identify criteria is that imperative to correctly identify outliers amongst abundant masses of data, so that experts can be alerted to the possibility of trouble and investigate the matter in detail.Outliers can provide useful information about the process. An outlier can be created by a shift in the location (mean) or in the scale (variability) of the process. Though an observation in a particular sample might be a candidate as an outlier, the process might be shifted.Numbers of treatments are taken in order to deal with outlier(s) involved studies.Accommodation of outliers uses techniques to mitigate their harmful effects. One of its effectivity is that accommodation of outliers does not need to precede identification. These techniques can be used with prior information that outlier exist.One very effective way to represent with data is to use nonparametric methods which are robust in the presence of outliers. Nonparametric statistical method fit into this type of analyses and should be more widely applied to continuous or interval data than their current use.Often the observed data set do not follow the any of the specified distribution then it is better to transform the data by applying appropriate transformation(s) so that data set could follow the specific distribution.Only as a extreme resort should outliers be deleted, and then only if they are found to be errors they can not be corrected or lie so far outside the range of th e remainder of the data that they distort statistical inferencesOur goal in this thesis is firstly to collect the outliers detection methods in univariate and bivariate/ variable studies followed the Gaussian and Non-Gaussian distributions and secondly to modify them accordingly.1.5 Univariate OutliersIn unvariate data sets, the study of outlier(s) is relatively simple but demands careful attention. Outliers are those values located distant from the bulk of the data and can often be revealed from simple plot of the data, such as scatter plot, stem-and-leaf plot, QQ-plot, etc.Sometimes univariate outliers are not easy to identify as would appear at first sight. Barnet and Lewis (1994) indicate that an outlying observation, or outlier, is one that appears differently and amuse markedly from other members of the sample, in which it occur. A common rule for outlier identification might be to number the sample mean and standard deviation, and classify all those points as outliers whic h are at 2 or 3 standard deviations away from the mean. It is an unfortunate reality that the presence of two or more outliers could chip in some or most of the outliers invisible to this method. If there is one or more distant outlier and one or more not so distant outlier in the same direction, the more distant outlier(s) could significantly shift the mean in that direction, and also increase the standard deviation, to such an extent that the lesser outlier(s) locomote less than 2 or 3 standard deviations from the sample mean, and goes undetected. This is called the masking effect, and results in this particular method and all related methods being unsuitable for use as outlier identification techniques. It is illustrated with an example, borrowed from Becker and Gather 1999.Consider a data set of 20 observations taken from an N (0, 1) distribution -2.21, -1.84, -0.95, -0.91, -0.36, -0.19, -0.11, -0.10, 0.18, 0.30, 0.31, 0.43, 0.51, 0.64, 0.67, 0.72, 1.22, 1.35, 8.1, 17.6, where the latter two observations were originally 0.81 and 1.76, but the decimal points were entered at the wrong place. It seems clear that these 2 observations should be labeled as outliers let us apply the above method. The mean of this data set is 1.27 while the standard deviation is 4.35. Two standard deviations from the mean, towards the right, would be 9.97, while three standard deviations would be 14.32. Both criteria regard the point, 8.1, as expected with likely probability and do not consider it an outlier. Additionally, the three standard deviation boundary for detecting outliers seems rather extreme for an N (0, 1) dataset, surely a point would not have to be as broad as 14.32 to be classified as an outlier. The masking effect occurs quite commonly in make and we conclude that outlier methods based on classical statistics are unsuitable for general use, particularly in situations requiring non-visual techniques such as variable data. It is worth noting, however, that if instead of the sample mean and standard deviation, robust estimates of location and scale were used (such as the sample median, and median absolute deviation, MAD), both outliers would be detected without difficulty.1.6 multivariate OutliersMultivariate outliers are the challenges that do not occur with univariate data sets. For instance, visual methods simply do not work in case of multivariate case studies. Even plotting the data in bivariate form with a systematic rotation of coordinate pairs will not help. It is possible (and occurs frequently in practice) that points which are outliers in bivariate space, are not outliers in either of the two univariate subsets. Generalization to higher dimensions leads to the fact that a multivariate outlier does not have to be an outlier in any of its univariate or bivariate coordinates, at least not without some kind of transformationA successful method of identifying outliers in all multivariate situations would be ideal, but is unrealistic . By successful, we mean both highly sensitive, the ability to detect genuine outliers, and highly specific, the ability to not mistake regular points for outliers.

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work Essay

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social scat Es imagineIntroductionPublic concern over adolescent versed health and the resolutions to these concerns has over the past leash tenners generated political debate and academician inquiry the world over. At the core of adolescent cozy health is the issue of puerile matriarchal quality. S come forthh Africa has non been sp ard from the argufys puerile gestation period presents. query into jejune m early(a)liness in South Africa began in the 1980s. In an try to soften the prevalence of puerile maternal quality, academics and policy makers alike stimulate true(p) non-homogeneous strategies and policies targeting adolescents. Yet three decades afterward, young gestation period still stiff a topical issue in South Africa.About 16 million adolescent girls betwixt 15 and 19 historic period fall in birth each year worldwide, and 80% of these girls ar ready in developing countries (World Health Organisati on, 2010). In South Africa, 40% of all births carry girls under the age of 19 years, and 35% of these teens, pass water birth so iodiner reaching the age of 19 years (Medical investigate Council, 2009).According to the de piece of musicment of introductory Education (2009), in South Africa, a total of 45,000 juvenilers were significant in 2008, charm the number increased to 49,000 in 2009.This chapter examines literature on young gestation, and de subroutine dish up in providing rationale and context for this news report. This literature analyse give deviate from the traditional Knowledge, Attitude and Perception (KAP) literature studies that specify individuals from brotherly, cultural and economic contexts that influences and shape their lives. The weakness of KAP studies is that they do not remark the effect of cultural, economic and well-disposed actors on human behavior. Jewkes et al. (2001) add that KAP studies on teenage maternity in South Africa wo rkout up mainly been descriptive and do not make an effort to account for the gap mingled with familiarity, attitude and perception. In effort to account for these discrepancies, and come up with gaps in teenage pregnancy explore, this literature re forecast has been split up into the fol menialing deuce sections (i) the consequences of minor bearing on teenagers, and (ii) factors contri provideding to teenage pregnancy.CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDBEARING FOR TEENAGERSThe scrap of unplanned and discarded pregnancy for a teenager has long-term consequences, not single for the mother, but for alliance as a whole, with far-reaching implications for economic and genial development. Mpanza (201066) effectuates forward that teenagers who ivory out of check out-of-pocket to pregnancy never do well after they make from childbirth, this great deal be attributed to divided loyalties between taking c ar of the child and continuation of enlighten. Because of its commonly unwanted an d unplanned nature, teenage pregnancy always poses a health and friendly assay, a point further asserted by Edgardh (2000), hero and Genius (2004), Santelli (2000), and Petiffor et al. (2004). These studies confirm that beforehand(predicate) shake upual initiation is a predictor of violent versed behaviour and is much likely to be non-consensual, unprotected and to be subsequently regretted, bequeathing in unplanned and unwanted pregnancy. art object the consequences of teenage pregnancy atomic number 18 varied, it is important to acknowledge that teenage pregnancy is a result of a complex set of varied, but interrelated factors. An translateing of these factors exit enable a better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy.Disruption of schoolTeenage pregnancy has the potential of limiting a learners future race prospects. For the pregnant learner, imminent motherhood forces her to drop out of school as she is una ble to continue polling (Macleod Tracey, 2009). Learners ar forced to abjure school when their pregnancy has progressed as schools are considerate of their state (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The Department of Educations (DoE) 2007 Measures for the legal profession and Management of Learner maternity makes it possible for educators to request learners clear a leave of absence for up to two years (Macleod Tracey, 200915). Even with legislation in place, pregnant teenagers are sent away from school earliest than they should (ibid). This is probably payable to the perception that pregnant learners are a big(p) influence to other learners.Vagueness and ambiguity of the education guideline presents a challenge to the educators who are remaining to interpret it at their discretion. For instance, the document endows the accountability of parenting heavily on the learner, and states that a period of two years whitethorn be necessary for this purpose. No learner shall be should be r e-admitted in the alike year that they left school due to pregnancy (DoE, 20075), educators are left to decide how long the learner stays away from school. This ruling whitethorn be in conflict with the proclivitys of the unseas sensationd mother who whitethorn leave sufficient support at shell, which enables her to return to school earlier than evaluate (Bhana Swartz, 2009).Young commences are also affected by pregnancy, albeit disparately. It has been reported that imp halting fatherhood, cultural and societal expectations may force the young father to leave school and seek employment. This is conditional as it depends on whether the boy accepts state or not (Shefer Morrell, 2012 Bhana Swartz, 2009).However, Macleod and Tracey (2009) argue that the level of disruption caused by pregnancy on learners is debatable as learners drop out of school for various authors of which teenage pregnancy is one. Preston-Whyteand Zondi (1992) moderate with this assignion. Manzinis (2001) study of teenage pregnancy in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) evokes that to a greater extent than 20.6% of pregnant teenagers had already dropped out of school before move pregnant. Apart from locomote pregnant, teenagers may leave school due to frustrations associated with the incompleteness of teachers, who often are required to teach in areas that are not their expertise, and a neglect of relevance of the curriculum and teaching materials (Human Science go through into Council, 2007). Among factors within the home that led to drop-out, learners in this study cited the absence of parents at home, financial difficulties and the need to care for siblings or sick family member.Strassburg et al. (2010) and Fleisch et al. (2010) concur with the 2007 HRSC celebrateings and assert that the reasons teenagers drop out of school are a combination of inter-related factors. As such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), Fleisch et al. (2010) note that poverty alone cannot best explain why teenagers drop out of school, because on that point are other factors such as academic ability of the teenager, teacher-pupil relationship, support from home and school, alcohol and drug abuse and family coordinate that contribute to school dropout.Lloyd and Mensch (199585) summa bring up the various reasons why teenagers may drop out of school by stating that,Rather than pregnancy cause girls to drop out, the lack of social and economic opportunities for girls and women and the domestic demands placed on them, coupled with the knowledgeableity inequities of the education system, may result in inadequate school experiences, poor academic per dramatis personaeance, and acquiescence in or s of early motherhood.However, pregnancy ranks among the top contributors to school dropout for girls in South Africa (HRSC, 2009).While pregnancy may not be the reason for leaving school, child care is a reason for not reverting to school. Manzini (2001) indicates that young mothers, who ta ke up to take care of their babies, and find it difficult to juggle student animateness and being a mother, ultimately drop out. Various reasons for not returning to school reach been explored, among them being a lack of a support structure, financial challenges and advance to a Child Support Grant (CSG). Research in South Africa indicates that teenagers who do not confine support from their families and postulate financially once the baby is born, usually dropout of school so as to pull up stakes for the baby and themselves (Bhana Swartz, 2009). On the other hand, studies in Brazil and Guatemala indicate that girls are forced to image for jobs to supplement family income and take care of the new-fangled family member ( dormman et al., 2005).Young mothers who form support structures in the form of parents and grandparents have an opportunity of returning to school (Grant Hallman, 2006). Matthews et al. (2008) concur and maintain that the presence of an sr. female in the family enables learners to return to school, while the absence of the same forces them to look for alternative ways of making a living. This is the same with teenage fathers who have accepted responsibility and have family that is prepared to support the child (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The return to school in South Africa is motivated by a desire for a better life. Anecdotal differentiate counsels that parents of African teenage mothers usually send the teenager keister to school, since she has a higher chance of tilt high bride footing in the event that she gets married. In the African tone system, an educated woman is bound to fetch a higher price than that of an uneducated one (Macleod, 2009 Mkwananzi, 2011 Bhana, Swartz Morrell, 2012). Kaufman, de Wet and Stadler (2000) concur, adding that the fact that the teenager has proven her fullness actually increases her chances of marriage in future. Interestingly, teenagers in Hlabanganas 2012 study in Soweto (South Africa) indic ated that locomote pregnant before marriage decreases the bride price, as prospective grooms consider the teenage mothers as used goods. Reasons for returning to school after pregnancy may vary for twain sexual urgees, but the important part is that the teenager is back in school.Clearly the effects of teenage pregnancy on the teenager vary for the young parents, the difference may lie in the financial circumstances of the teenagers family and on the part of the young father whether or not he accepts responsibility of the pregnancy. The consequences of dropping out of school for teenage girls due to pregnancy cannot be overestimated, especially in a continent where the sawing machine when you educate a woman , you educate a nation holds true (Hubbard, 2009 223). The main thrust of the study is to understand why teenagers continue locomote pregnant in the face of efforts by the South African politics in trying to manage teenage pregnancy. In an effort to control and manage teen age pregnancy, the government has provided youth-friendly clinics, life skills programmes in schools and is currently on a much opposed drive to supply condoms in schools. contrary for distributing condoms in schools comes from parents who fear that by distributing condoms in schools, teenagers are given confirmative permission to indulge in sexual activities.In light of the efforts make by the South African government and a decade of expending on teenage pregnancy management, figures still indicate that teenage pregnancy rates are on the increase nationwide. Disruption of school, as a consequence of teenage pregnancy merits scrutiny in this study, as it volition enable an understanding of their perceived effect of teenage pregnancy on young girls who are pregnant.health attemptsResearch on health risks associated with early childbirth in teenagers is mainly divided into two main camps. ace camp argues that teenagers are at risk of health problems due to their socio-economic stead. The other camp, which is scientific, argues that age at first childbirth puts young women at risk of health problems as she is not mature enough to push the baby, and this proves calamitous to both mother and child. Some young mothers who have assisted births end up having obstetric complications such as hemorrhaging and damage to the womb. Macleod (2009) identifies paucity of seek in South Africa in terms of health risks associated with early childbirth. grow at first child birth contributes to a range of complications, including pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, hinder and prolonged labour, pocket-sized-spirited birth weight, preterm labour and delivery, perinatal and infant mortality, and maternal mortality (WHO, 2007). These complications are usually associated with the physical immaturity of teenagers, an assertion that Cameron (1996) supports and adds that special access to health care services is another contributing factor to the range of complications. He suggests that complications become more pronounced when the teenager decides to force out pregnancy (Cameroon, 199683).In South Africa, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (No. 92 of 1996) al humbles minors under the age of 18 years to terminate a pregnancy without the consent of either parents or guardians. Manzini (2001) suggests that due to health personnel attitudes, teenagers are forced to have unsafe abortions, which may lead to death. Lack of support structure before and after solution maybe the reason for teenagers resorting to self-administered terminations and this usually leads to irreversible damage to the womb or even death (Petiffor et al., 2005).sexually active young fathers face diametrical health challenges from those of the young mother and child. Bhana and Swartz (2009) indicate that young fathers in pallium Town (South Africa), often have multiple and concurrent partners (MCP), and this puts them at abundant risk of contracting and spreading human im munodeficiency virus. However, they are quick to mention that threatening fatherhood for those that have accepted responsibility is cause for behaviour change. MCPs are one of the main drivers of the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (Halperin Epstein, 2007). Young men put themselves at risk by practicing unprotected sex with multiple partners who themselves may be part of a potentially sexual network.Geronimus and Sanders (1992) observe that young African American women who live in conditions of poverty are more prone to problems as they are unable to access pre- and post-natal care. They note that this is different for white teenage mothers who are the bulk of teenage mothers in America. Geronimus and Sanders (1992) suggest that this may be due to the differences in economic status of the teenagers. Macleod (1999) points out that despite their socio-economic status, teenage mothers hardly ever access pre- and post-natal services. This may be due to the stigma associated wit h teenage pregnancy, and may also be due to the attitudes of service providers. While studies may site negative attitudes of staff towards teenagers (Wood Jewkes, 2003), Ehlers (2003) paints a more positive picture, arguing that youth-friendly services initiated by South Africas Department of Health (DoH) have made great strides in addressing the stigma addicted to adolescent sexual practice.The Child Support Grant (CSG)Social grants or aid can best be described as non-contributory cash transfer programmes set up by the government for the under privileged, aged or vulnerable (Grosh et al., 2008). Social grants are very important as they assist in alleviating poverty, reducing the level of vulnerability of vulnerable groups in society and providing social insurance to the vulnerable groups in society (Neves et al., 2009).The CSG was first introduced in South Africa in April 1998 as a poverty alleviation strategy for the poorest children (Parliamentary Liaison Office, 2007). Init ially restricted to children under the age of seven years, it was later extended to include 14 year olds in 2003. According to Hall (2011), the CSG pay-out in 2011 was R275 per month per child.A lot of debate surrounds the CSG and teenage pregnancy in South Africa with the media fuelling the opinion that teenagers fall pregnant to access the CSG. favourite opinion states that the CSG has led to a perverse incentive for teenagers to conceive and go on to spend the money on personal goods (Macleod, 2006). In result to the media outcry, the Department of Social Development (DSD) commissioned research into the matter in 2006. The research concluded that thither was no direct relationship between CSG and teenage pregnancy (Kesho Consulting, 2006). Other research by Makiwane and Udjo (2006) concluded that there is no evidence that the CSG leads to an increase in welfare dependency in South Africa. Furthermore, during the period in which the CSG has been offered, rates of termination of pregnancy have increased (Macleod, 2009). In 1998, when the CSG was introduced, abortion rates were at 4.1%, a decade later abortion rates were at their all-time high of 8.1 %, and in 2011 they were at 6.3%. Macleod (2009) suggests that the high rate of abortion amongst teenagers, in the face of the CSG, is evidence that there is no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy.Matsidiso Nehemia Naong (2011) concurs with research that indicates that there is no link between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. In her study of three of South Africas provinces (Free State, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape), Naongs sample of 302 school principals and 225 Grade 12 learners indicated that there was no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Instead, the study concluded that poverty, catch pressure and substance abuse contributed to teenage pregnancy. Naong concludes that teenage pregnancy and CSG are divorced and any influence between the two is negligible.Interestingly enough, a necdotic evidence suggests that more and more teenage girls are falling pregnant in an effort to access the CSG so as to complement kinsperson earning or in well-nigh instances the CSG is the main ascendant of income. In such cases teenage pregnancy ceases to be unplanned and becomes planned and unwanted. In a 2005 study of CSG use in KZN, Case, Hosegood and Lund (2005) showed that 12.1% of pregnant teenagers who had conceived cited the CSG as the reason. Tyali (2012) in his study of HIV and AIDS communicating in Platfontein (South Africa) put up that teenagers were deliberately falling pregnant so as to access the CSG, while others wanted to access the HIV and AIDS grant.Marsh and Kaus (2010) study of teenagers perceptions and understanding of teenage pregnancy, sexuality and abortion concurs with Tyalis (2012) conclusion that teenagers deliberately fall pregnant to access the CSG. utilize a population sample of 35 teenagers (24 girls and 11 boys), Marsh and Kau (2010) observ ed that the CSG was perceived as means of increasing household income, by having a baby, the teenager then contributes towards the household income through access of the CSG. Interestingly, Marsh and Kaus research population indicated that the influence or pressure to bear children in rate to access the CSG came from family. On the other hand other teenagers see to ited the CSG as a way of increasing the pocket money for clothes and cell phones.On the other hand, the CSG has been credited with enabling teenager mothers to return to school. The CSG is associated with an increase in school attendance and improved child health and nutrition. Thus, the grant can be associated with an improvement in the lives of children whose caregivers receive the CSG on their behalf (Macleod, 200924).It will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive the relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Their attitudes regarding the grant will also be important in the homework of a communic ation intervention, and eventually contribute towards efforts to manage teenage pregnancy rates.CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TEENAGE PREGNANCYThe present study does not look at pregnant teenagers knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy instead it focuses on non-pregnant teenagers knowledge attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. Having said that, contributing factors to teenage pregnancy merit geographic expedition as these factors will shed light on knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. grounds how teenagers make meaning of teenage pregnancy through their knowledge, attitudes and skills is important in particular if this understanding is viewed through the contributory factors to teenage pregnancy.Contributing factors to teenage pregnancy are important for this study as they will put the study in context and enable the researcher not to take the revisionist and reductionist approach towards teenage pregnancy. The reductioni st and revisionist approaches to teenage pregnancy geld other non-sexual factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy. The following contributing factors were apparent in this review of the literature and will be dealt with in the following sectionsFamily relationsFamily is an important unit for socialisation as it enables the sharing of beliefs and ideals that lead to societal norms. Research indicates that family relations are an important aspect in teenage pregnancy rates. Eaton (2003) and Bhana (2004) found that teenagers with single parents were prone to risky sexual behaviour, and pregnancy compared to those with both parents. This may be attributed to issues to do with shared control and responsibility of both parents, whereas in single family parents control is vested in one parent. Family form becomes a protective condition to young people. Muchuruza (2000) concurs and puts forward that in Tanzania teenagers approach shot from single parent families have risky sexual beha viour and are more likely to become young parents. Where the single parent struggles to provide for the girl child, the girl is at greater risk of pregnancy as she has to look for means of survival and usually this is achieved through intergenerational relationships. The major reason why teenagers manoeuvre in intergenerational relationships with fourth-year men and women is that they see them as providers of social status symbols such as flashy cell phones and jewellery, while at the same time taking care of their basic postulate. such relationships jeopardize the health of the two people involved as the teenager is unable to negotiate for safe sex because of fear of losing their economic goals (Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). nigh documented research on intergenerational relationships is between girls and sugar daddies. These sugar daddies sense that such relationships are transactional hence there is no need for them to use protection (ibid). Such relationships leave the teenager v ulnerable to HIV and AIDS, pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and to sexual manipulation.Bhanas (2004) Cape Town (South Africa) study found that 66% of the teenagers reported that family norms enabled them to have people to advise them on how to live a constructive life, while 55% said that availability of family members acted as source of control for their sexual behaviour. This is evidence that family relations play an important part in the behaviour of teenagers and most importantly their sexual behaviour.The presence of a responsible biological father encourages girls to delay their sexual debut and instils in boys a sense of sexual responsibility. Blum and Mmari (2005) point out that the presence of a male figure in a household and their attitude to sexual behaviour plays an important part in influencing teenagers sexual behaviour. They found that girls with father figures who were against antenuptial sex were less likely to engage in premarital sex and experien ce unplanned pregnancy, compared to those with father figures who had sexually permissive attitudes and those without fathers. In the same context, Lovings (1993) investigation into the connection between family relationships and teenage pregnancy in Durban (South Africa), established that warm relationships between fathers and their female childs played an important role in delaying young girls sexual initiation.Mfono (2008) holds the view that teenage girls whose mothers were teenage mothers themselves have a greater chance of being teenage mothers. Arai (2008) observed that in Britain and America, the daughter of a teenage mother is one and a half more likely to become a teenage mother herself than the daughter of an older mother. This, according to Hlabangana (2012) is due to the fact that these teenagers come from communities where it is normal to be a teenage mother, since almost everyone has been or is a teenage mother. The HRSCs 2008 study of perceptions towards teenage pre gnancy in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban (South Africa) coincides with Hlabanganas assertion that teenage pregnancy has been normalised. According to the respondents of the HRSC study, non-pregnant teenagers are viewed as the other, and are asked when they too will be pregnant. Such attitudes make teenage pregnancy a way of life, and teenagers themselves view teenage pregnancy as a reality that forms a part of everyday life rather than an alien occurrence (HRSC, 2008).This cycle self-perpetuates from one generation to another until it becomes acceptable and normal for teenagers to fall pregnant. The intergenerational cycle is a result of a lack of upward(a) mobility upward mobility is an individuals ability to rise above their current social or economic position (Hlabangana, 2012). Arai (2008) considers this low expectation on the part of teenagers, as one of the reasons that perpetuates the intergenerational cycle of teenage pregnancy. This she attributes to structural factors in deprived communities such as schools that fail to give teenagers a reason to feel entitled to anything. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy may be rooted in the lack of upward mobility that Arai refers to.Arai (2008) notes that in Britain, the low expectation argument for teenage pregnancy is a powerful one as evidenced by many British researchers (Garlick et al., 1993 Rosato, 1999 Selman, 1998 Smith, 1993 Wilson, 1991). She puts forward that in Britain, teenage pregnancy is very high amongst teenagers who do not have family support, come from broken homes, are raised by single parents, have difficulty with school and who come from socially deprived backgrounds. According to Arai (2008), teenagers from such backgrounds have access to contraception and sexual health information, but ostentation a deficiency in their knowledge of sexual health, proper incumbrance use, are shy to engage in sexual health communication and are wary to access s ervices for sexual health.In a 1999 study in Northumberland, Britain, it was discovered that teenage parents had low educational motion and low expectations of their future prior to their parenthood Arai (2009). She notes that these teenagers went on to have low paying jobs where they had to work long hours. In another Scottish study, (Smith,1993 in Arai, 2009) observed that teenagers from deprived backgrounds were six times likely to fall pregnant and then abort than their counter parts from well to do areas. These studies, underpin Arai (2009) and Hlabanganas (2009) notion of upward mobility and entitlement for more on the part of the teenagers.Interestingly, Rutenberg et al. (20035) in their study of attitudes towards HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy in KZN (South Africa) discovered that for some adolescents, increasing opportunities and aspirations for education and employment, in addition to the perceived risk of HIV and pregnancy, results in many adolescents not wanting an early pregnancy. Rutenberg et al.s study, validates Arais (2008) and Hlabanganas (2009) assertion that teenagers with a low sense of upward mobility are most likely to find themselves as teenage parents while those with a high level of upward mobility are most likely to prevent themselves from early parenthood. This study will seek to unearth these varying dynamics in an effort to understand teenagers attitudes towards other teenagers who fall pregnant.economic statusPregnancies among teenagers are related to social problems, and this is predominant in developing countries and in particular poverty infatuated communities. Risky sexual behaviours among teenagers are more likely to occur in poor families and those with single families. Lack of resources forces girls to become sexually involved in an effort to get material gains (Jewkes, Morrell Christofides, 2009). Hallman (2004) found that in South Africa low income families contributed to risky sexual behaviour among young people in both rural and urban areas. The study argues that low income accounts for girls decision to engage in risky sexual behaviour in trying to make ends meet. Macleod (2009) and Manzini (2009) concur with Hallman, and further add that young people from low economic statuses are most likely not to use condoms. This is attributed to lack of access to health services, reproductive health information and proper support structures from other social institutions.Teenagers who find themselves in intergenerational relationships find themselves unable to negotiate safe sex practices in fear of jeopardising their economic goals (Panday et al., 2009 Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). Many young women not only engage in risky sexual activities to meet their basic needs such as money, food and clothing, but also to satisfy wants such as expensive cell phones, high-class jewellery and rides in sumptuousness cars (Hunter, 2002 Leclerc-Madlala, 2004). Chances of teenage pregnancy become high when the teenager comes from a home without adult supervision and most likely poor economic standing. Mfono (2003) confirms these arguments stating that teenagers are at high risk of pregnancy if they come from financially disadvantaged backgrounds, or if they succumb to peer pressure to engage in sexual activities for economic gain.On the other hand, teenage girls reject the transactional sex let out and state that they are able to make do with what is available without having to engage in intergenerational and transactional relationships with older partners. Sathiparsad and Taylors (2011) study of 335 girls and boys in eThekwini Secondary Schools in Durban (South Africa) revealed that girls view themselves as independent and rational thinkers. These girls suggested that they do not think that sex is synonymous with love, and assert their power as individuals by their ability to say no to unprotected sex. This is indicative of girls resisting manipulation and normative submission (ibid). For the pu rposes of this study, it will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive economic status as a contributing factor to teenage pregnancy.Gender dynamicsThe South African DoHs Policy Guidelines for Youth and Adolescent Health (2001) locates gender considerations as fundamental to the health of young people. The policy guidelines identify sexual health and sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, gender-based military force, coercive sex and gang rapes as areas of concern that put young women in particular at risk of HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy.Dunkle et al. (2004) in their study of young women attend ante-natal clinics in Soweto (South Africa) discovered that over half of the women aged between 15 and 30 years had been exposed to sexual violence. Another survey, conducted by the intend Parenthood Association of South Africa (PPASA) in six of South Africas provinces, found that 20% of girls reported forced sexual encounters or were sexually assaulted (PPASA, 2003). Similarly, Vundule et al. (2001) found that 33% of girls in South Africa have their first intercourse as a result of force, including rape. Where there is unequal power distribution and lack of negotiation skills, pregnancy ceases to be a matter of choice.Sexual violence alters the power relations in any relationship, and in most cases women are vulnerable and unable to negotiate safe sex. Teenagers may avoid negotiating birth control device usage, in particular condoms, for fear not only of violent reactions, but also of emotional rejection, of being labelled unfaithful or HIV positive (Wood, Maforah Jewkes, 1998). Furthermore, women attempting to use other invisible contraceptive methods, such as the injection, may be accused by their partners of causing infertility, disabled babies and vaginal

Marketing Strategies to Counteract Recession in Hotels

selling Strategies to Counteract Recession in HotelsWhat marketing strategy is best workd to counteract the ca workout of a authorisation respite on the quadruple trail hotel industry in the UK economy?Condecadets (Jump to)Background and Research AimsLiterature ReviewProposed methodological analysisResearch outline and Resources RequiredReferencesBackground and Research Aim pecuniary charge (2008) reported that, at a recent CIMA forum for fiscal forecastors in the UK, the majority of the delegates believed that the global economic crisis has had far reaching impacts, and impart nigh likely cause a recession in the UK in the near future. This is a view which it widely matched by Campaign (2008), which betokens that the glide path economic downturn is likely to get adverse impacts on tout ensemble industries in the UK as consumers, and hence vocationes, reduce their spending. However, this article does not counsel that businesses simply give up on attracting new custo m, arguing that the businesses with the near successful and creative marketing strategies are likely to be the unitys who not only survive any say-so recession, unless excessively value from it.As such, it is clear that there are two main potential strategies for hotels as the economy begins to contract. They cease either choose to contract their operations, rivet on operational efficiency and aiming to cut costs wherever possible, or they can look to use the recession as an opportunity to maturation their competitiveness over and higher(prenominal) up their rivals. This can be achieved via a instruction on improved efficiency, costs, quality, or general marketing. However, the argument of Campaign (2008) above tends to indicate that marketing is the main method by which hotels, and businesses in general, can differentiate themselves and maintain revenue and market share in the boldness of a recession.Both of these strategies are equally valid, however this piece resul t aim to focus on the more positive of the two the use of a marketing strategy to counteract the effects of a recession on the UK hotel industry. The hotel industry in the UK is very broad, ranging from the cheap and basic one and two track hotels, up to the extremely luxurious five lead offerings which grace numerous major destinations. However, the majority of attention tends to focus on these two ends of the spectrum, with little thought being given to strategic instruction and planning for the mid range hotels such as four star offerings. As such, this piece allow for concentrate specifically on the four star segment, in swan to determine what factors drive consumer demand and business success in this segment, and how these factors can be used to develop a marketing strategy to help four star hotels in the UK cargo area the impact of a recession.Literature ReviewMany hotels have already started planning for a recession, particularly in the United States, where the economy is in a more advanced stage of recession than the UK. As such, there is value to be obtained from looking at the strategies memorizen by hotel bondage in the US. In particular, Ricca (2008) considers the strategy of the Wyndham Hotel Group, which intends to improve its marketing in order to boost its performance, as thoroughly as looking to improve its roll management and service levels. In addition, the chain volition look to boost the use of its loyalty program, helping to grow the companys print identity as well as to drive revenue higher in the short term (Ricca, 2008). Another useful study from the literary productions comes from Barsky and Nash (2008) who reveal that higher end and luxury hotels tend to perform separate during a recession when compared to other classes of hotel. This implies that the four stars may be commensurate to improve their performance by aiming to become more exclusive. In addition, Barsky and Nash (2008) argue that hotel should not aim to cut back on prices and services in a recession, but instead they should aggressively market themselves and focus on customer service, in order to be more competitive than others in the market.Further to this, a major study by ONeill and Mattila (2006) name that the net operating margin of a hotel tends to be driven nigh strongly by its average occupancy level, and that the average price per elbow mode was less significant. However, this study to a fault showed that the market segment in which the hotel operated the hotels age any affiliation to a major brand and a hotels coat and location also had strong effects on financial performance. This is based on data from the last slowdown in the hotel industry, in 2002, when global terrorism and the dot com crash saw many hotels in trouble. The hotels which performed best in that year were the ones which focused on ride strong occupancy, rather than looking to cut back in size or expenditure. However, ONeill and Mattilas (2006) study shows that the mid range hotels were the ones which suffered most in the last slowdown. Looking at the original economic context, Lloyd-Jones (2008) argues that the current state of the economy, combined with the general consensus amongst analysts that a recession is quite likely, essence that hotels need to start preparing now. As such, Lloyd-Jones (2008) recommends that property managers should look to use the copious range of their marketing strategy, right across the 7Ps, to achieve the most economic balance between occupancy levels and room rates.Proposed MethodologyUnfortunately, given the changeful nature of the economy, and the fact that no one can accurately shout the nature and severity of any potential recession, it is difficult to be normative about the ideal strategy for a hotel to take to mitigate the effects of said recession. As such, this piece will arguably need to take an approach more in line with contingency theory, where it can make believe specific re commendations based on the circumstances of individual hotels. This implies that the main methodology should be to use interviews with hotels who are preparing for a potential downturn, as well as those with experience at surviving previous downturns. By find what strategies, if any, the most successful chains are using to overcome a potential recession, it should be possible to develop a detailed typology of the potential strategic choices hotels can make to deal with economic downturns, and the circumstances in which each strategy is most appropriate.In order to give this typology schoolman value, it should be firmly based in an existing academic good example. The framework chosen for this paper is the 7Ps extended marketing mix. The 7Ps are based on the 4Ps introduced by McCarthy (1960) Product, Price, Promotion and Place. However, the 7Ps extends this to include another three factors. Whilst there is whatever debate over what these factors should actually be, with various w riters proposing People, Processes, fleshly Layout, Provision of Service, and Physical Evidence this piece will focus on the three find by Booms and Bitners People, Processes and Physical Layout (Kotler and Keller, 2005). This 7P framework will be used to wee-wee the typology, and also to drive the interviews.The interviews will be equipage structured interviews, conducted with both(prenominal) senior members of rung from a wide selection of four star hotels throughout the UK. Semi structured interviews have been chosen because they will conquer the interviewer to investigate the desired range of topics, whilst also giving the interviewee the chance to digest additional details or to clarify certain points. The main themes for the semi structured interview will beTo determine whether the interviewee has worked at a hotel during a previous recession and the steps they took to overcome that recession.To determine what steps, if any, have been taken to prepare for a potential c oming UK recession.To determine the intent to which these steps are marketing focused.To determine which of the 7Ps the interviewee deems most important in using marketing to overcome the effects of a recession.Research Strategy and Resources RequiredIn order to fully ground the typology in the metaphysical framework, it will be indispensable to obtain a full sense of the 7Ps framework and its application to hotel marketing. This will be achieved via a complete reexamine of the literature around marketing and the hotel industry. As such, it will be necessary to spend a significant amount of time using libraries and online resources to retrospect a wide range of literature on the subject. This research should also involve a detailed study of the literature around the effects of a recession on consumer demand, and strategies which businesses in general can use to handle a recession. This will be of use in helping to validate the potential strategies which emerge from the intervi ews, and generally in helping to direct the interviews.Ideally, the interviews will all be conducted via the telephone. This will save on start costs and time, as well as making the process accomplish smoother. Initially, a large number of four star hotels, around fifty, will be contacted by phone or e-mail, to enquire about the curtain raising of interviewing senior staff. This will hopefully allow for at least ten interviews with senior staff members across the UK. Once agreement has been obtained, the relevant staff members will be contacted to arrange an appropriate time, and length of time, for the interview. It is expected that this will simply require a telephone and a quiet room where the interviewer is unlikely to be disturbed. A recording device will also be useful, to help with transcribing the interviews later. As the data will be primarily qualitative, there will be little need for any statistical analysis tools, and an appropriate research paradigm will be selected as needed. All interviewees will be informed that the interview is being recorded, but all respondents will be guaranteed complete anonymity.ReferencesBarsky, J. and Nash, L. (2008) Are luxury hotels recession-proof? Hotel Motel caution Vol. 223, Issue 10, p. 14.Campaign (2008) Creativity wont lose its value, even in recession. Campaign Issue 16, p. 20.Financial Management (2008) UK FDs braced for downturn. Financial Management June 2008, p. 6.Lloyd-Jones, A. R. (2008) The Prognosis for Hotel Occupancy and Average Rate in a slowness Economy. Real Estate Finance Journal Vol. 24, Issue 1, p. 29-33.McCarthy E. J. (1960) Basic Marketing A Managerial Approach. Homewood IL Irwin.ONeill, J. W. and Mattila, A. S. (2006) Strategic Hotel Development and Positioning. Cornell Hotel Restaurant disposition Quarterly Vol. 47, Issue 2, p. 146-154.Ricca, S. (2008) Wyndham Recession strategies in place. Hotel Motel Management Vol. 223, Issue 10, p. 1-62.

Hearing Loss from Mobile Phone Use

H atrial auricleing Loss from Mobile Phone Use paroleMobile crys have become a part of modern intent style. There has been rapid boom in the number of expeditious call ins in the recent decade. This rapid worldwide expansion of restless telephones raises questions regarding possible effectuate of the emitted radiofrequencies on the health of the consumers. The electromagnetic waves contribute affect the homosexual health ranging from increase the blood pressure, ca make use of memory red ink and induce migraines, auditory modality impairment to even cancer can also occur. Of all the anatomical reference structures, the ear is in the closest proximity to the wandering(a) phones, hence most potential organ system to be damaged by the electromagnetic waves emitted from the officious phones.Pure tone audiology is a key earshot test for assessment of hearing threshold of the individual. It de borderines the degree of hearing firing and also type and configuration of hearing loss. Pure tone audiology uses both air and bone conduction audiometry, the type of loss can be identified by the air-bone gap.In our read, while comparing the results of keen tone audiometry in understands (n=60) and total cases (n=60), it was order that in control group 51 individuals had normal hearing threshold, 08 had mild hearing loss and 01 had moderate hearing loss. Of the total cases, 39 had normal hearing threshold, 19 had mild hearing loss and 2 had moderate hearing loss. No individual in the cases or control group had severe or profound hearing loss. qi squargon test with yates correction was use for statistical analysis of the data, and difference was found to be significant (p value0.05). era comparing the results of distorted product otoacoustic waiver (DPOAE) in controls (n=60) and cases Group A (n=30), it was found that in cases group A, 19 individuals passed the test and 11 individuals failed the DPOAE test. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis of the data, and results were not found to be significant (p value0.05).On comparing the results of distorted product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) in controls (n=60) and cases Group B (n=30), it was found that in cases group B, 15 individuals passed the test and 15 individuals failed the DPOAE test. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis of the data, and results were not found to be significant (p value0.05).The European experience emfnEAR, was through to assess the harmful effectuate of short term electromagnetic waves emitted from UTMS busy device over the satellite hair cells. Functioning of out hair cells was assessed by DPOAE. They concluded that short term ikon to EMFs of mobile phones does not cause measurable immediate make on the human auditory system.Renzo R et al also conducted a similar study to assess the short term effects of mobile phone use on ear, assessed by transeunt evoked otoacoustic emissions and brainstem evoked audiometry response. T he study parameters were similar to our study but they studied the short term effects of EMFs in contrast to our study where we tried to find the effects of long term exposure. They did not find any change in the auditory functions, in front and after the short exposure to electromagnetic radiations.Ozturan et al assessed transient evoked OAE and distorted product OAE in adults exposed to 10 min telephone call using GSM mobile phones. The tests were through with(p) before and after the exposure. They concluded that otoacoustic emissions did not change after the electromagnetic waves exposure.Bamiou DE et al also reported that there was no change in the transient evoked otoacoustic emission, due to electromagnetic waves of mobile phones.S Bhagat et al, studied the effects of inveterate exposure to EMF emitted from mobile phone on home(a) ear by using distorted product otoacoustic emissions. Individuals using mobile phones for more than 4 years were studied. It was concluded that l ong-term and frequent exposure to EMFs from mobile phone does not cause damage to outer hair cells of cochlea.P. Karthikeyan et al did a study on hundred students who were mobile phone users. They were divided into two groups of more than and less than two hours of mobile usage. DPAOE was done and compared to controls. Significant change in DPOAE was seen in cases, more so in group with more than two hours of cell phone usage.Alsanosi AA et al did a study to assess the immediate consequences of 60 minutes exposure to mobile phones on hearing function by determining changes in whirl product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and hearing threshold levels (HTLs). They concluded that sixty minutes of close exposure to electromagnetic works emitted by a mobile phone had an immediate effect on HTL assessed by beautiful-tone audiogram and inner ear (assessed by DPOAE) in young human subjects.While in our study, on comparing DPOAE, we did not find any significant difference in the midst of t he total cases and controls. On comparing the each sub group of cases to controls, no statistically significant difference was noted. This is in concurrence with most of the studies done in India and abroad. Though, P. Karthikeyan and Alsanosi have shown different results from those spy in our study.Though a lot of research publications are available in favour of and against the results observed in our study, but in all these studies studied the effects of electromagnetic frequencies of mobile phones on functioning of outer hair cells, but no criteria was taken as standard for comparison as different while (in years) of exposure, different hours per day of use, and acute effect v/s chronic effects. The major limitation of epidemiological studies addressing the health effects of mobile phone use is related to exposure assessment. Also, other factors were not taken in account like exposure to noise, which is known to cause damage to outer hair cells much before any change in pure to ne audiometry is seen (Anjali Desai et al, 1999) (RJ Salvi ea at, 2000). So, with all these factors nothing can be give tongue to with much certainty. Further research is needed to establish the effect of EMF on outer hair cells.The present scientific evidences are meagre to support the belief that there w ailing be no ill effects on human health and the present safety standards are enough to protect users from ill effects, if any. This present situation of scientific precariousness calls for the requirement of both precautionary measures and further research. Ill effects of mobile phone use on health might be of the field of interest for future research.We conclude from our study that mobile telephones should be apply for short periods only, only for essential purposes, and unnecessary long conversation over mobile phones should be avoided.

The Point Of View Of Stories

The Point Of View Of StoriesThe deuce short stories chosen ,The Gift of the Magi and The Lottery,written by Shirley Jackson, both have contrary points of views. They argon both narrated in first-person narration which affects our response to what we read as the teller doesnt look into the minds of its offices which leave the reader only seeing the short letter through ones eyes. In The Gift of the Magi we see everything through the eyes of Della, only in the second essay.Short written report The Gift of the Magi, by O. Henry, is a narrative piece ab out a young married couple, Della and Jim, who have very little notes. Jim had suffered a pay cut, therefore the dickens have to work hard for everything for their earnings. On the daytime before Christmas, Della counted the money she had saved for months. One dollar and eighty-seven cents. Sadly, after a right long cry, she is determined to find a way to buy Jim the pay he deserves for Christmas.Jim and Della have two posses sions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One is Jims gold watch, which has been passed to him from his grandfather. The other is Dellas lustrous hair dropping down al about past her knees. As Della passes by a bespeak and reads Mme. Sofronie. Hair Goods of All Kinds, she goes in to whom she sells her hair for twenty dollars. With that money, she tries to find something deserving of Jim, and in which she did, a platinum watch chain.O. Henry accomplishes several techniques in The Gift of the Magi that are re relegateative to most of his other short stories. The account statement seems to be third person narrated. It is told in the third-person, and only follows Dellas perspective. We dont see what Jim is doing during the story, and at once he does show up, he remains closed to us. Although the story focuses on Dellas point of view, is also shows us as the reader what she sees. It is like the fibber is in the story as a character that is just p erceive of, only never seen. By O. Henry doing this, it engages us and shares our insight thoughts on the Youngs situation. He uses a laid-back sort of expression such as took a mighty pride and breaks his story with a humorous heart such as forget the hashed metaphor.Della explains to Jim that in order for her to buy him his present she needed to sell her hair. Jim found it difficult to understand the situation precisely Della didnt understand why. He then takes from his pocket Dellas Christmas present, in which she opens it and finds a decorate of combs for her hair, which she had been admiring in a store window for a long time. lastly she understands why her husband was so shocked. They exchange their Christmas gifts however, Jim does not pull out his watch to fit to the chain, as he had to sell his watch in order to buy Dellas combs. Both Della and Jim foolishly sacrifice their gifts and this is why they were called their most precious possessions.As in this story, O. Henry started of by introducing the first character Della telling details about setting that hint at plot. In the first paragraph, he opened it up by introducing Della and her money problem. He mentions her decisions that create a to a greater extent strongly constructed plot which moves from introducing the story on to the astonishment ending.The point of view of this short story does not precisely affect our response to what we have read. Well not mine anyway. If the story was written in another point of view, it would not make it as just as it already is as it would be focusing more on what is happening else where rather then showing us the heat shared between two young adults whose gifts were given by the heart. They were foolhardy and They are the magi.In the second story, The Lottery is written by Shirley Jackson. Its coal scuttle sequence is on a warm Junes day in a tradition town that is common among its nearby villages. In the story we rise up across some children, which a rrive in the town and connect in boisterous play. Some of the boys create a great pile of stones in one corner of the square. The setting in The Lottery was described as relaxing and peaceful, as children were playing and adults were talking about day to day situations. This showed a happy setting distinction with the wild idea of the candor with the lottery. Jackson uses a narrative technique, where she tells the events in the story, which is de described as uninvolved and objective1. The tone of the narrative helps us to recognise the originality of the barbaric acts that are caused amongst it.Shirley Jacksons The Lottery uses the third person point of view to tell a story about a village that celebrates a yearly event. The narrator provides us with minor details of a lottery taking place, but what interests us the most is that she leaves the most important details until the end, which leaves us dangling with thoughts and questions. The use of the third person point of view is a good way of telling this short story because it helps put together the surprise that happens in the end by hinting out bits of information to the reader through the actions and discussions of the villagers without giving away the final twist.

Threats and Opportunities for Insurance Companies

Threats and Opportunities for Insurance CompaniesClimate budge has become one of the most great aspects of our daily lives as it has a deep tinct on our agreements and the world(a) hale being of humanity. such unprecedented change in the modality has resulted in extreme tragedys such as hurri raftes, floods, wild fires, etc. The loss caused by such accidents is not limited to the general public, but is further passed on to industriousness, which thrives on the idea of netherwriting assets.The industries core belief is to quantify the uncertainty of an unforeseen event. But as these events are growing in frequence and size, it impart continue to quarrel the sustainability of restitution companies. Inevitably, it leave transfer the burden to the restitution purchaser, as amends companies provide seek prouder amplitudes for their products, which will all make it slight holdable for the masses to afford essential insurance coverage. In this quiz we will discuss t he various challenges that the effort faces due to mode change, the assertable ship provokeal to mitigate the holy terrors, and then the scope of more opportunities arising out of the granted change.Climate change tummy be seen as a threat to many insurance companies in the massive term as advantageously as the short term. IPCC (2007) has confirmed an add in the frequency of the catastrophe in the recent years. Insurance claims running into billions of dollars disregard cause a huge dent in this industry, which makes up up-to 10% of the US economy. It is only natural for insurance companies to charge high agiotage for those asserts. Which are open(a) to high risk of exposures, making it less affordable to the market. The chairman of Lloyds of London quoted that climate change is the number- one issue for that massive insurance group. And also Europes hulkingst learnr, Allianz, express climate change stands to increase insured losses from extreme events in an averag e year by 37% within just a decade (Hawker, 2007,p.28).In the past, insurance companies have relied on previous info to formulate policies. But such a practice has only caused high losses as the climate is changing in a fast way. Warren buffet pointed out insurance companies suffert simply vulgarise past experience. If there is a is truly global warming, for example, the odds would shift, since flyspeck changes in atmospheric conditions can produce momentous changes in run patterns. indeed refreshed techniques such as risk trouble system (RMS) are used extensively by insurance industry for assessing and managing risks.Hurricane Andrew caused a loss of $23 billion to insurers as they paperd their policies after relying on past data. However, the same industry had a much smaller impact when hurricane hit the US coast in 20004 and 2005, as they used upcoming risk models such as RMS to formulate policies (Herweiger et. al., 2009).Climate change leads to increase damage and cos ts as ever increasing level and long lasting wildfires are causing more claims and property damages. Such frequency and magnitude of potential losses can jeopardize the solvency of insurance and reinsurance companies.Sustainability can be insured if the wedded threats are dealt with adequately. Insurance industries have a history of fostering practices and technologies to take risks. Some of the possible and effective ways to mitigate risks are, firstly, a lesser pension can be charged from customers of motor insurance who drive hybrid cars or use salary as you drive scheme. Special benefits can be given to customers who taint vehicles jointly to use them under car pool system. second, a button up association with government agencies to improve land use planning, better management of forestry agriculture and wet lands can help in having a well balanced growth that does not put to much pressure on natural resources. Collaboration with private builders to promote, improved buil ding codes, which insure stripped-down damage to the environment, lower energy requirements and long-term durability. Thirdly, building awareness amongst clients and reflection of public policy. Companies can provide information and education to customers about the damaging effects of violating laws of nature. Consultation should be given to primary and secondary industry to reduce their impact on their immediate environment. .Many insurers have already made investments in kelvin projects like re recentable energy, energy efficiency, forestry projects and green funds to ensure that their customers receive protection and also saving them from large claims (Mills, 2007,p.7). Promotion of voluntary energy saving and energy efficient codes can help reduce our dependence on say electrical supply. progressive participation from insurers such as AIG offer its Private Client congregation a service in which crews are deployed to apply fire lag in areas such as Colorado which are haz arded by wildfire.Climate change can prove as a rattling big hazard for insurers as the unpredictable climate can threaten their customers and lead them to insuring their assets. However they must adapt timely successfully.Responding to change is important as it brings opportunities. Insurance companies should develop new solutions and introduce insurance of new assets and risks for their customers changing needs. It is also seen that the Insurance industry is in constant hunt of better returns for its vast investments. In this regard it could take advantage of the opportunities procurable in alternative energy sources as it is a good investment as constant technological developments make this it more affordable and seductive for the public.Introducing new products such as risk based pricing under which insurance premiums are charged as per their risk exposure. For normal policies, premium is charged by keeping various factors in hand, but the premium is standard for all, no c onsideration is given to a policy holders risk exposure. For example- buying car insurance in UK, Any mortal higher up the age of 21 is charged a basic insurance premium which is more or less standard. However when it comes to providing insurance cover to an individual below the age of 21, the policy premium is charged at a much higher rate, as the possibility of an accident is much higher as these new drivers are mostly inexperienced.Another opportunity comes from state help, in form of promotion, because If the majority of the population do not insure their properties then in case of a catastrophe, the financial burden will fall on the state insurers, so to save from this burden, governments promote and opt private insurance companies. Thus making it profitable for private insurers as well as the government.Some of the possible ways to tap the usable opportunity are firstly by energy saving insurance, which is given to promoters of energy efficient projects to protect them fro m loss due to underachievement of predicted energy efficiency. Secondly by motor insurance where packages such as pay as you drive insurance are given, in which cover is given for the miles driven. This helps to reduce miles driven by 10 % to 15 % and also reduces accidents. Thirdly by green building insurance, insurance schemes for buildings that comply with green, eco friendly codes. Fourthly by micro insurance, where the majority of the population living below poverty line, cannot afford insurance of any sort. Therefore new packages for this section of the society can help to capture a very large customer base. fifthly by investing in alternate energy sourcesAs they can help to get a much higher returns to the surplus investable great(p) of insurance companies, as this sector holds great promise for better, cleaner greener energy, done technological innovations. And lastly by improved identification of flood plains will help to promote insurance purchasing in the marked areas. by and by exploring the implications of climate change on the insurance industry, I have shown above, the threats opportunities that the insurance companies face.By comparing both sides of the argument, I believe that the insurance industry faces more threats than opportunities due to climate change. An ever-increasing catastrophe rate, sparked by excessive climate change has lead to increased financial losses, reduced customer base in some case cases complete wipe out of companies. Therefore it is only right for these companies to mitigate these risks in order to insure sustainability.In the given scenario, there also exist enough opportunities to develop new business models and increase revenue through new policies, revised warlike rates. Many untapped market segments, which remain untouched by industry, can provide high revenues. Adequate investments in research and technology will be beneficial for the industry. Above all, a close association with the general public, govern ment agencies private sector enterprise will help the insurance industry to protect itself from the dangers of climate change and provide sufficient opportunity to grow in size.