Marketing Of Landscape Gardening Essay Example for Free

Marketing Of Landscape Gardening shewLandscapers use their aptitude for art combined with their knowledge of plants to get to breathtaking landscapes. But a landscape artist screwingnot share his knowledge unless he evokes his business. Business promotion is a combination of activities that create and throw a positive image in a customers mind. Customer service, broad knowledge of the business and fine pricing strategies support promotional activities and contribute to the success of any business.Word of Mouth (Recommendations)This is the cheapest and best mode of advertising your Landscape Gardening business, but it requires that you already have done some work. Your existing clients can be your biggest help in spreading the word about your business. This business thrives on referrals, so ready sure that you talk to your existing customers and ask them if theres anyone that may benefit your service.AdvertisementsAdvertise on newspapers, tv ads, local anesthetic ad maga zines, billboards, your vehicle etc, however, the ads should be short and easy to read. Plant Exhibitions Contact convention organizers and event plan agencies in your area and learn about business exhibition opportunities. Many events are geared toward the low-down business owner and are reasonably priced. Attend plant exhibitions to promote your business. Plant exhibitions allow you to promote your products or services at a locus related to landscaping. Such exhibitions provide a venue to network and reach out to customers. Trade shows are also a good place to make out promotional items.Create Business CardsCreate business cards that match your brochures and website design. Creating matching promotional collateral creates a cohesive feel and helps establish your brand. cause BrochuresCreate visually pleasing brochures. Make sure the brochure lists your services, pricing, contact information and a bit about the business. You can also postulate a designer to prepare brochures fo r you.Create a WebsiteContact a Web developer or create a website on your own. Your websites content should appeal to people in your area. Include helpful information, such as guides to weeding, planting and winterizing gardens. Several services offer website packages that make creating a site simple. Link your site to chirrup and possibly a dedicated business page on Facebook

Walt Whitman Essay Example for Free

Walt Whit public EssayWalt Whitman is ane of Americas most popular and most influential poets. The first edition of Whitmans long-familiar Leaves of Grass first appeared in July of the poets thirty-sixth year. A subsequent edition of Leaves of Grass (of which at that place were many) incorporated a ingathering of Whitmans poems that had been offered readers in 1865. The sequence added for the 1867 edition was thump-Taps, which poetically recounts the authors experiences of the American Civil fight.Walt Whitman was born May 31, 1819, in West Hills, Long Island. His early years include much contact with words and writing he worked as an office boy as a pre-teen, then later as a printer, journalist, and, briefly, a teacher, returning eventually to his first love and livelinesss workwriting. Despite the lack of extensive formal education, Whitman experienced literature, reading voraciously from the literary classics and the Bible, and was deeply influenced by Goethe, Carlyle, Emerson, and Sir Walter Scott (Introduction vii).Whitman was drawn to the nations capital roughly a year after the Civil War began, at the age of forty-three. The wounding of his brother, George Washington Whitman, who served in the Union Army, precipitated his contact with the carnage of the state of war. Reading the label of his brothers injury in the New York Herald, Whitman went immediately to Falmouth, Virginia, where he found his brotherly wholly slightly wounded. Perpetually short-handed, Army officials asked the poet to help transport injured soldiers to field hospitals in Washington. Whitman agreed, and began a burster of mercy that would occupy him from 1862 until the wars end in 1865 (Murray).Drum-Taps is the personal-historical record of Whitmans wartime occupation. Drum-Taps early poems were pen prior to Whitmans contact with wounded soldiers, and betray a starkly different attitude toward the war than one finds later in the sequence. The chronologically earlier po ems celebrate the coming hostilities, expressing Whitmans early near-mindless jingoism (Norton 2130). As one progresses through the work, he finds a less energetic, sorrowful, jaded narrator who seems little same the exuberant youth who began. Understandable so, Whitman estimated that over thecourse of the war, he had made over 600 visits or tours, and went among from any(prenominal) 80,000 to 100,000 of the wounded and sick, as sustainer of spirit and body in some degree, in time of demand (Murray).What follows is a contemporaneous review of his work that speaks of the esteem that much of the world extended Whitman as nationalist and poet of Drum-TapsNew York Times, 22 November 1865, p. 4.Mr. Whitman has strong aspirations toward poetry, but he is wanting entirely in the qualities that Praed possessed in such large measure. He has no ear, no sense of the melody of verse. His poems only differ from prose in the lines being cut into length, instead of continuously pointed. As pr ose, they must be gauged by the sense they contain, the instrument of verse being either despised by, or out of the reach of the writer. Considered as prose, then, we find in them a poverty of thought, paraded forth with a hubbub of stray words, and accompanied with a vehement presumption in the author that betrays an absence of true and calm confidence in himself and his impulses. Mr. Whitman has fortunately better claims on the gratitude of his countrymen than any he will ever derive from his vocation as a poet. What a man does, is of far greater consequence than what he says or prints, and his devotion to the most painful of duties in the hospitals at Washington during the war, will confer honor on his memory when Leaves of Grass are withered and Drum Taps have ceased to vibrate. (New York)Timely assessments of Whitmans Drum-Taps largely concur with the Times. Whitman shared their outlooks Whitman himself thought not of Drum-Taps as particularly literary, but human, poetry with no dress put on anywhere to complicate or bedeck it (Lowenfels x).The most celebrated poem of the sequence comes near the end, in what is a sequel to the original collection of war poems and the events that provoked them. That sequel, Memories of President Lincoln, delayed the publication of Drum-Taps, and includes his masterpiece of the 1860s, When Lilacs Last onthe Dooryard Bloomed (Walt 2130), as head as the much celebrated and anthologized, O Captain, My Captain (Price). Whitmans feelings toward Lincoln ran deep his sense of melancholy over the death of Lincoln was profound (Price).After the war Whitman worked in the Office of Indian Affairs. Upon his executive programs discovering that he was the author of Leaves of Grass, he was summarily released. Friends then secured for Whitman a post at the attorney ecumenics office, where he remained until suffering the first of a series of strokes in 1873, which left him a partial invalid (Introduction). In March of 1892, Walt Whi tman died in Camden, New Jersey.As Whitmans life was nearing its end, his esteemed positions in literature and society were rising to the heights one finds them today American public opinion was in stages swayed by new evidences that the invalid at Camden could command the respect of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the poet Laureate, and many other famous British writers (Walt 2131).

An analysis of the conventions the soap opera genre Essay Example for Free

An analysis of the conventions the exclusive opera genre EssayIn this essay I intend to explore the genre of goo Opera and most of the conventions that determine the genre. The Soap Opera genre is defined as A serialized drama usu ally relations with domestic problems. Eastenders and Coronation Street be prime examples of the Genre. Soap Operas originated in America in the later(a) 1950s and started being shown in England in the late 1960s. Soap Operas are named after the sponsors of the shows were Soap Products. These shows were a marketing strategy to sell the soap products. The ratings for the 2 Soap Operas menti sensationd are constantly at the sneak of the list. The ratings for particular episodes in which a story line is thickening have been up to 10 billion viewers watching one episode. Increasing best-selling(predicate)ity in this genre has provided a phenomenon in spin-off products such(prenominal) as magazines devoted to the soaps. Actors and actresses are be coming celebrities and are appearing on talk shows because of their increasing popularity. The Soap Opera Genre has its own identifiable conventions, some of which entrust be explored.My particular soap that I will be analyzing is Eastenders. The episode that I will be analyzing is the episode on Monday 25th of November 2002. The cartridge holder this episode was on TV was 800pm. Eastenders has a great slot in the channel schedule. pop outpouring time t. v. is from 7-9pm and Eastenders popularity has also come from the time it is broadcast. The episode is half an hour long. This soap opera is shown forwardshand the watershed, which means on that point are certain things, which cannot be shown. in that location is never any swearing and but any violence used.I selected this soap because it has been discharge on for over 30 years and is one of the most popular soaps in England. The story lines that are used in this episode are Phil Mitchell wants to influence out what the p ostcard from Lisa says. Laura and the Doctor are having a meeting to find who wrote the poisonous substance pen permitters. In the scenes that I will be focusing on the conventions of character will now be explored. thither are mostly characters that have a history and meaning they are more rounded characters. There are 2 or 3 stereotype characters.Phil Mitchell is a precise aggressive person that fewer people like. When people that he doesnt like tell him what to do he gets angry and threatens them and doesnt care what put out he can get in. When he talked to someone about a postcard that had been sent from Lisa he was very aggressive and demanded to read it. The other man said no and told him to stop interfering with his life. Phil told him perhaps he would maybe he wouldnt. He does what ever he wants and doesnt care who he tramples along the way. He loves his mother and protects her. He thinks that he can control everybody in the square.He has got into trouble with the pol ice before and is a recovering alcoholic. He has 2 children and when with them he is made to date as if he such a soft character and a loving father rather than what he is everywhere else. various tv camera snaps are used when filming Phil to make him look powerful and menacing. He is filmed to look as if he is more powerful than anybody else in the same room. He is one of the main characters of Eastenders and is there to cause trouble and tension in the soap. I will now analyze my chosen 5 minutes where there is tension and many conventions used.The 5 minutes that I have chosen are where some of the people from the square are having a meeting to try and find who is writing poison pen letters. As the tension builds up the scene changes to the pub breaking the tension and prolonging you from knowing what was going to come if the scene hadnt been changed. The camera shots used only show 1 or 2 peoples faces to let the viewer master the facial expression of the person. When the sce ne changes to the pub the camera shots change and a panning shot is used to distinguish who is in the pub.The shot stops to people having conversations in the pub. When the scene changes you can see the lighting is different. It gets darker but there is enough light to see the people and their expressions. The camera focuses in on one of the people when they have something to say. The camera at the beginning of the scene turns around showing all the people in the room but from then on the camera doesnt turn but cuts from person to person. As the scene gets to the end someone is walking in to the room hearing something that shouldnt have been heard.The camera changes back and forth from the person speaking, to the person walking into the room. Eventually when the person walks into the room the camera slant is changed and shows the person who walked into the room taller than anybody else making the rest of the people in the room feel small. The camera cuts very quickly to all the diff erent peoples faces showing their surprise and emotion. The camera stays on the person who walked in on the people until she has finished what she has to say. Then the camera cuts back to the peoples faces.This gives the effect of the people being caught out and the person who wouldnt normally be in this situation the person who caught them out. I think that Soap Operas will be an important part in the TV industry for many years because it has domestic issues and provides amusement for a whole variety of people and for most age groups. It will also be popular because it opens up many conversations on suggested story lines and what will happen next in the next episode. The soap opera has become more than a marketing strategy for selling soaps.

The Use of X-Rays in Dentistry Essay Example for Free

The map of X-Rays in Dentistry EssayDentistry is increasingly becoming a major part of muckle lives in todays society, being taken for granted and often little thought about. As technologies advance treatment becomes cheaper, quicker, and the outcome becomes more(prenominal) aesthetically pleasing and longer lasting. As braces, dentures, crowns, procedures and techniques change and make better at an alarming rate, one aspect has remained the same for a longer period of time. This is the use of X-Rays.X-Rays flummox been employ in dentistry since the mid 1900s, and continue to be utilise in the same mood today. They are an effective port of finding and identifying various oral problems, allowing for early prognosis and prevention of more serious issues. How is an roentgen ray produced? Diagram showing a Dental x-ray tube. In a alveolar (and most other uses of x-rays including all medical uses) x-ray tube, x-rays are formed as electrons from a springy wire filament are accelerated onto a target anode. A high-voltage unit is employ to set the anode at a large positive potential compared to the negatively charged filament.The electrons are pulled onto the anode at very high speeds and are suddenly decelerated on impact. As this impact occurs, some of the kinetic goose egg is converted into electromagnetic energy, as x-rays. This means that the anode therefore emits x-rays as a result of being firm with high-energy electrons. The x-rays spread out from the focal spot, through the tube window and onto the region to be examined. How is an anatomy formed? X-ray films that are used in dental consonant radiography consist on an photographic emulsion/gelatine mix containing chemicals that are sensitive to x-ray ray of light.This is a silver halide either bromide or chloride. The emulsion/gelatine mix and their suspension is set onto a flexible, transparent tinted blue base. Emulsion is used in all types of analogue photography, but the type used in x-ray photography is of a different kind to that used in light photography. The emulsion is usually coated on two sides of the base in layers around 0. 1mm thick. As both sides of the base are coated, there is twice the measuring stick of radiation sensitive silver halide, and so the speed at which an image is produced is increased significantly.Another way to increase the speed of producing an image would be to just have one side with a bigger thickness of emulsion. This however would slow down the developing, fixing and drying stage, meaning taking x-rays would take an unreasonable get along of time. Some x-rays requiring more detail use film with emulsion on one side only. When x-rays, da Gamma rays, or light strike the grains of the sensitive silver halide in the emulsion, some of the halide (Br- or Cl-)ions are released and captured by the silver (Ag+)ions.This chemical change is of such a small nature that it cannot be detected by ordinary physical methods and is called a l atent (meaning hidden) image. However, the exposed grains are now more sensitive to the decrease process which happens during development of the film. When exposed to a chemical solution (the developer), and the reaction results in the formation of black, gilded silver. It is this silver, suspended in the emulsion-gelatine on both sides of the base that creates an image. Seeing things with X-RaysDifferent materials have different properties, including x-ray absorption ability. This is exactly the same with body parts, especially teeth. Radiation passes through skin the easiest, followed by the guns and low-keyed tissue. These parts show up as the very darkest areas on an x-ray. Harder tissues absorb and black more radiation from hitting the film and so show up as much lighter areas. Metal implants, fillings and crowns (most coloured features) show up as the brightest white. The different depths of materials is also shown, nerve endings and dentine contours being visible on most developed films.This image shows that a root canal procedure has been successfully completed, meaning slight time and money is wasted fixing procedures that have failed. Also visible is an amalgam filling (Brightest white) measurement Radiation The Sievert Thesievert(Sv) is theInternational System of Units(SI)derived unitofequivalent radiation acid,effective dose, andcommitted dose. Quantities that are heedful in sieverts are designed to represent thestochasticbiological effects ofionizing radiation.The sievert should not be used to express the unmodifiedabsorbed doseof radiation energy, which is a clear physical quantity measurable inGrays. To enable consideration of biological effects, further calculations must be performed to convert absorbed dose into effective dose, the details of which depend on the biological context. This can be far more abstruse than just multiplying by a weighting factor. The sievert is a fundamental part inradiation dosimetry, and is named after( prenominal)Rolf Maximilian Sievert, aSwedishmedical physicist renowned for work on radiation dosage measurement and look into into the biological effects of radiation.One sievert equals 100rem, an older unit of measurement still used in many areas and by older generations of practitioners. One sievert carries with it a 5. 5% chance of eventually developing cancer. Doses great than one sievert received over a short time period are likely to groundsradiation poisoning, possibly leading to death within weeks. This is a major risk considered in dental use as many doses of radiation could be received during a day in surgery.

Angostura Strategy Most Profitable Rum Company

angostura scheme Most Profitable Rum Comp allAnalysis of AngosturaIn this chapter the information gathered from primitive and secondary resources pass on be economic consumptiond to analyse the merchandiseing scheme and carrying out of Angostura SBR. The dream of Angostura Ltd is to be the more or less profitable unmated fraternity in the Caribbean and continuously improve their aim as the largest aromatic bitters caller-out in the universe. And their mission is to bring the spirit of Trinidad Tobago to e very node experience by providing favored harvest-times and excellent crossings and excellent customer service. From these bidding it is believed that Angostura would wish the company to be the flagship brand or output of the rural ara and that they would incorporate these statements when developing their strategies to commercialise placeplace their products .Over the past quintuple years the company do been finished a roach which would bring affect ed their existence and performance within the foodstuff. They suck in overcome disastrous obstacles such as having their old (CLICO) pargonnt company file for bankruptcy which would watch affected their reputation and their business operations. In this chapter the information and results collect from the interviews, observation and surveys forget be analysed and compared with those of the competitor.Angostura dodging Past PresentIn the past it could clearly be compulsive that the previous system was non almost having a dominant presence in the market only if much sampleing to wee-wee their products in the foreign markets. It can safely be tell that Angostura take a scheme of a merger and acquisition type because they were purchasing and forming agreements with another(prenominal) distilleries. In 1999 they bought the minority role in Bacardi Ltd, in 2002 they bought Burn Stewart a scotch distillery in Scotland. And they too formed alliances/alliances with Dewar s Ltd. These developments assisted in the distribution of the Angostura brands into untapped markets. They were capitalising on the brand names and the tie-up of the brands to penetrate the markets. It can clearly determine that they take a schema from the Ansoff matrix to the better(p) of their faculty to become a leader in the alcoholic alcoholism industry in the world. At that time of the company existence, then chairman and owner of Angostura Lawrence Duprey who is a visionary axiom these products as being world class and it should be lendable to the world. This schema could be considered to be successful because some of the products won world-wide awards in the GermanysMundus Vini Competition and International liquor Challenge UK, but there was some neglecting to their home market as there was little awareness of the brands in the topical anesthetic market . There was little announce over those years that are when the foreign competitors penetrated the market wit h their intensive merchandising tactics and influence a significant number of consumers to set up from rum to scotch. The foreign competition came into the market through distribution via local distributors. The main product that affected Angostura market share which they held for years was scotch. Starting in 2010 the forward-looking CEO obdurate to enforced a upstart strategy to take the company back to its rightful(prenominal) postal service in the market and eradicate all competition. The companys CEO Wayne yip Choy verbalise he saw an untapped opportunity to increase rum sales in what had been a stagnant market for the move 25 years or so. The growth of rum over the last 25 years has been level(p) at about 500,000 case per year while whiskey sales went from 34,000 to 267,000 cases. The CEO has endorsed this pass professing that it was successful (Newsday 19th May 2011 page 3)He utiliseed a market penetration strategy which consisted of several changes to the compa nys structure and products. These changes include an immediate stop to distribution of all competitor products such as Bacardi and Dewars and a repackaging of their rums and repositioning the brands.Albarran et al (2006) states that the industry life cycle helps in understanding the dynamics of a market structure and the entry, exit and survival patterns of firms. The rum industry can be considered or characterized as being in its decline phase as they gravel not been active in the market equal they should. There is a moderate entrance of competition into this industry however the industry is booming to Angostura as they are the leaders in the rum distribution which makes it difficult for any new company to sell rum and penetrate the market. notwithstanding there is a heavy threats in the alcohol market from brands such as Johnnie Walker Black (JWB) which is a scotch beverage and has capture a significant segment of the market. The company amenable for the market strategies of this product is AS Brydens who follow the strategyThe award strategy being employed by Angostura can be best identified as a Differentiation out of the porter generic strategy. The product eminence strategy in any market gains competitive advantage from being able to offer superfluous value to their customers that they may in some way appreciate and value. Differentiation strategies are not about pursuing uniqueness for the rice beer of being different it is about understanding customers and how the product can meet their wishs, differentiation is about uniqueness, establishing differentiation advantage requires creativity. They perplex achieved this by offering a premium product with a unique sense of taste and new packaging to the consumers. Presently in the market Angostura have fierce competition by foreign competitors who have entered the local alcohol market via distribution channels such as AS Brydens and Alstons Marketing Company who control the berthful brands such as Johnnie Walker Black and Dewars respectively. The Angostura angiotensin converting enzyme Barrel Rum (SBR) is product that the company is actively marketing truely. This product is an old product that has been rebranded and re-positioned to a new guide earshot to regain its market share from scotch. The main competitor for the SBR is JWB. JWB is the most preferred drink for upcoming professionals and socialites between the ages of 18- 35 which is in any case the same target audience that angostura is also seeking subsequently for SBR. The JWB has been able to captivate this market after persistent years of active marketing strategies over the last 10 years and how they have positioned the product in the minds of this target group. Angostura have realised that this target group will be the future leaders of the country and decided to focalisation SBR on this target audience. There are many marketing strategies that they may have evaluated to deliver the best approach to re ach with this group. But from observations and analysis it can be determined that they may have adopted the challenger strategy whereby they develop a strategy that is similar to the market leader (JWB) and try to capitalise on it. This strategy is effective because it scarpers to feed off the energy or success of the market leader. However it can be safely said that the strategy that they adopted to allow them maximum mileage and perforate the market without much hindrance is between the market penetration or product development strategy out of the Ansoff Matrix. The market penetration would be a suitable strategy to adopt because it contributes to the increase in market share and it is a great growth strategy as it contributes to the increase usage of the product. The marketing mix that angostura utilise for SBR utilize can support the justification of the market penetration strategy. They implemented extensive advertizement via newspapers, billboards, radio and event sponso rships. They flooded the market with the SBR adverts aggressively targeting scotch particularly JWB. The price strategy that they also used would allow the product to penetrate the market because it was cheaper than the competitor making it more affordable and attractive to the consumers.The product development strategy may have been more align to the general strategy, and it justifies by producing a lofty quality rum for its consumer hence the reason for an entire repositioning of the product. SBR was prone a drastic change from the bottle to the way it was presented to the world. The packaging of the bottle improved to a sleeker swimming and sexy look that would to appeal to the specific target group as its similar to the shapes of their competitors in the market. These changes were behind introduced to the country exploitation the BOLD concept to explain the approach that they adapted. The marketing mix that they used back up this by the use of having a launch event to in troduce the new packaging of the SBR .This was then was back up by intensive print and billboards advertisements describing the shape and look of the bottle. The ads also describe the flavour of the rum and wherefore its better than the scotch. Angostura can be deemed to seek a type of alteration in implementing this strategy and introducing a forgotten secret from their distillery. This product is not a new product as it has been in existence for at least 4 years and it was not marketed to the public. It was the decision of the previous CEO to share this secret with the public rather than having it on their shelves that the House of Angostura as an ornament collecting dust. Mr Yip Choy felt that the product deserved and audience and this was the catalyst that began the introduction of a new old product into the lives of alcohol consumers of Trinidad and Tobago.Angostura have core competences that they can use to their advantage to give them the competitive brink over their comp etitors. Core competences such as they have the factory readily available to them as they have highly skilled staff to produce these rums. They have the history of the company which is known to produce high quality products, that have received world class awards and they dont have the to pay excessive taxes to import an faultless goods compared to the competitors who are faced with high taxes and duties that they need to pay to import a finished product into the country and pass on these cost to the consumers.In analysing the strategy a random survey was conducted online to measure the potence of the campaign to date. The results of this survey is discussed on a lower floor .Based on the results from the survey it can be assume that the strategy has not been totally effective. They have been able to develop a discussion or buzz about SBR that probably led to a considerable amount of persons trying the product at bars, clubs, events where ever the product was available after its mega launch and print intensive campaign. The target group for this campaign is one of an elite nature. The target audience for SBR are males who are within the age group of 25-35 years old who are professional or upcoming managers, who live in urban or well developed areas. Their income ranging between -20k 30 k per month belonging in the social class of A and B. This target audience tends to be the trendsetters of the new generation the mangers, the upcoming executives, leading accountants, and the influential people within the society. There is some reverence if this is the ideal age group that Angostura should be focussing their strategies to as with this audience they are season and have peculiar and specific needs and they really change unless influence by something very drastic. in like manner to note that Angostura will have a tough challenge to persuade all fasten established scotch drinkers to switch to rum because it two different types of alcohol . However with thi s new strategy that they have employed it may be successful.Their marketing strategy also consist of a brand strategy which conveys the entire image and direction of the brand so that the target audience can bushel and create a connection with the product. The brand strategy is a part of the marketing strategy because this is responsible for the positioning the brand and the other attributes of the brand. This will play a significant role into the development of this strategy because of the target audience and the competitor that they are going up once against they need to have a very fierce and aggressive strategy to accomplish this feat. In analysing the brand profile it can be assumed that the shop Identity Prism created by Jean-Nol Kapferer model was used to develop this framework. Physical prospect of SBR- Simple packaging, smooth taste, sweet aroma premium rum dark rich colour Brand personality -Rich, complete, Independent and distinguished customer Reflection It entic es the consumers palate , satisfies them, helps them re-calibrate Customer Self Image-Discerning, Unique, part of a select group and well educatedThe image of the brand has to be well positioned as to have great influence over the target audience. Some of the attributes of the brand that were indicated above do apply to how the consumer potable it wants to be seen because they are image driven because of the status that they hold within society. They mostly associate themselves with products that are align to the character. SBR have the incumbent brand profiles that twill meet the needs of the target audience. Angostura has positioned the product as a premium product to compete with JWB which is also positioned in that bracket. It is imperative that the Angostura Ltd employ active and aggressive tactics to persuade this group because what they are trying to do is a drastic switch of a consumers taste. From this strategy it was also observed that Angostura is trying to influence co nsumers behaviours by providing facts and additional information about the distilling process about rum and scotch to convince the consumers to switch. It can be deemed that they use the black box model to influence this change of behaviour. The concept of the model is that it suggests consumers will respond in particular shipway to different stimuli after they have processed those stimuli in their minds. These messages were conveyed in their ads such as Because Spirits mature faster in warm climates a 5 year old rum has a better aged flavour than a much older scotch.Age has nothing to do with maturity. Statements like this will cause the consumer to think and processed the stimuli in their minds.Alcohol Sales In Trinidad Tobago alcohol is associated with most rituals or events because the culture is a celeb evaluation and socializing culture. When looking at the sales of alcohol it can be seen that sales continue to rise for the period of 2008-2010 even though the Governor of ce ntral bank tell that the country was going thru a depression. This statement was not a reality as it was seen that even though the economy was considered cash strapped the population was still purchasing these products as regular. The chart below, illustrates the sales within the alcohol industry over the past years. There was a slight decline in sales in 2007/ 2008 but from end 2008 the industry gained momentum and have increased and plateau till 2010. During this period of 2007 2009 Trinidad Tobago was considered to be going thru a decline in economic activity other known as a niche and according to philosophy, goods of this nature tends to increase in a recession as these products are used as a way of comforting due to financial hardship. Most consumers had switch brands and purchase a cheaper brand which gave them more value for their money. During this period beers such as Carib and Stag had significantly increased during this recession and posed a threat to AngosturaTable 1 Yearly litre cases in 000sSpirits200520062007200820092010Rum513.5525.9502.1497501497Vodka27.7529.53133.536.6537.85Scotch207238.5240.5244.9224.7211.65Beer395400420438452465Source IWSR 2010At this present time Trinidad Tobago is said to be experience an increase in productivity which indicates there is an increase in disposable income. An increase in disposable income leads to increase purchases of items that are not necessities such as alcohol. Angostura would have accessed these conditions when developing their strategy to influence consumption. The sales of SBR have increase significantly for 2009 where only 250 bottles were sold compared to 2010 where they sold 4594 bottles . The sales in 2010 could have increase significantly due to the launch, events and high level of awareness that was happening for the period of kinsfolk to December. This is a good sign for the brand as it show that there is a possible market for the product.Johnnie Walker Strategy JWB marketing strategy can be determined to be an aggressive strategy but through a focus approached. They use world-class marketing capabilities to combine with flair and weightlessness to delight consumers with both a trusted brand favourites and the introduction of new and exciting innovations. JWB thrives on innovation as they believe thats the way to the consumers especially with all the available technology .They have also adopted a Premiumization strategy which position it as an elites product which is what Angostura has implemented with the SBR.JWB has put a lot of emphasis on testing different aspects of the marketing mix so that they can understand what the consumers wants when advertising or on-premise or digital. They have clearly identified who their target audience and have developed the necessary strategies to consume this group. The clientele that they are chasing after are selective just like the SBR so they have developed a framework within their strategy to attract this audience which is known as FACE. (Flair, Agility, Customer centric and Evolving) These are the watch words that they use to effectively acquire and maintain their customer base. This strategy has been proven to be effective because the sales of this product have increase continuously year after year. Table 2Scotch Yearly litre cases in 000s in Trinidad Tobago Brand20052006200720082009JWB2629293640Black White3035333634Dewars White Label6.857.858.158.257.75Chivas Regal44.84.9553Source IWSR ReportJohnnie Walker campaign is as less aggressive print wise but they capitalize on digital and relationship building in their campaigns and this is how they execute the FACE frame work. Flare is particularly important in this course of instruction because consumers care about it. Every time they select a brand theyre making a statement about themselves its not about functional performance.The brand has flair in the way they execute the ads, the progression they way they present the product to the consumer, it is executed in a manner thats appeals to the target audience that distinguishes itself from the others. They have implemented campaigns that are fully integrated campaign across multiple channels, above the line and below the line that motivates and engages consumers and builds affinity and loyalty for the brand. They also use a premium pricing strategy to position the product as a high end product that distinguishes from the other brands.Analysis of survey A survey was carried out online to evaluate several issues and the effectiveness of the campaign. The sample size of 100 was used base on a random sampling where 73 % percent of the respondents were male and 27 % female of which 75 % were the suitable age profile for SBR. Based on the educational background profile that meets the criteria of SBR 58% of the respondents had a degree or even higher qualification which meets the profile. This is based on the profile given on the brand profile for SBR. In the survey questions were as ked to get the factual, felling and emotional statements about the product and their experiences. When asked the question if they have every tasted the single drum rum 69.2% indicated that they have but when asked if they will drink the drink again 34% said no ,while 40.3% indicated that they may try it . This is not positive signs for SBR as they want to cause repeat purchase as this is what will take the product to the pinnacle to surpass scotch.Figure 1Figure 2When asked how they found out about the product the most popular responses were from word of spill the beans and TV. However the word of mouth can only happen because someone saw an ad. From my interview with Ms De la Rosa VP Marketing Manager, she indicated that part of the strategy was to create a conversation and buzz about the products, it can be said that they achieved this because of the percentage of persons were informed by word of mouth. It can also said that the aggressive print campaign which included newspape rs and billboards contributed to this discussion, but some of the comments about the ads were not that compliment as some of the respondents indicated that the ads were not that appealing.Figure 3The art of marketing is to influence ones fashion to try a new product and this is done by creating a strategy utilizing the marketing mix and tactics that that will appeal to the target audience that will encourage them to try the product . During the Christmas and carnival 2011 Single barrel rum is in most if not all of the events promoting the rum in an attempt to push the product on the consumers and maintain awareness. However this strategy may not have been the contributing factor that influenced persons to try the drink as the main reason for trying it was curiosity and friends. When new products arrive in the market people are hesitant to try it unless they are heavily influence by some factor, they tend not to come out of their safety net. But recommendations by peers have can inf luence their behavior as they will trust their friend who has endorsed the product. The ads that appeared would have contributed in some way but it was not a major influence.The product was introduced received some great reviews for its new shape an packing as this was one of the highest ranking issues that the audience like about the product . The taste was the leading prime(prenominal) of what they like about the product. The new taste is differently and it seems to be a key ingredient for this product. Angostura has used the taste to clearly justify their existence and why scotch should be a second option to that brand. This taste can be used as their competitive advantage along with the health benefits for overwhelming those beverages.The brand attributes associated was not communicated because when asked how they felt about the drink or association with the brand 60% said they felt nothing and another 20 % felt refreshing. The brand has specific attributes associate with the image of the product, feelings of independence, noteworthy, leader, trendsetter are the some of the words associated with the brand. It can be determined that it may be too early in the products awareness cycle for these attitudes to be conveyed in the targets audience mind but, with fierce and persistent competition on the outside. From the 100 respondents it can be clearly stated that the marketing /advertising campaign was effective as overall 65% found that the campaign was good or excellent. This is a very good rating for the company and their agency, but the campaign being a good one may not realise into the figures that the company would like for their sales because the overall objective for the campaign is to increase the sales of the SBR and move into the market share of the scotch market. Figure 4In the survey it was important to find out what the public thinks about rum so questions were asked to get this rating. The leading drink to be a first choice was scotch. Rum was 3rd 4th choice to beer and wine. Angostura has tried to influence the target audience to switch the use of rum as a first preference. This change is a behavior change that they need to address to get the target audience to switch. When asked why they like this preferred drink the most favorite response was taste. Taste is important to the consumer as a result Angostura can look at this capitalizing on the taste to gain an edge over their competitors.Table 3When socialising what is your preferred drink of choice? Answer Options1st2nd3rd4th5th6thScotch/whisky22167441Rum9613976Vodka7101112113Beer1117111021Wine971010143Other424226digital MarketingIn the 21 century where there is so much different technology and ways for communication and reaching a target audience a company should utilise the. In 2007 Heineken decided to create a marketing campaign that would rejuvenate its brand among Puerto Rican youth, it recognized that 30-second TV spots and other forms of traditional media woul d not be the most effective means of reaching its target audience. Instead, the company seized upon the computer architecture of the online world to build a powerful, interactive virtual universe named Heineken City . They were able to fuse the digital world along with the traditional media to develop a campaign. From research conducted for this paper it was concluded that Angostura has not utilised these digital marketing tools to their advantage to date and these tools are used by the target audience on a regular basis. They have access on a daily basis as they are have it available to them at home , in the office or on the go on their Smartphones such as blackberry and iphones. Campaigns like this one are transforming the nature of advertising in the digital age. Today, alcohol brands are promoting their products across a wide spectrum of new platform from social networks to agile phones to immersive, virtual communities. This marriage of communications and commerce has benefite d from a perfect storm of converging developments the rise of a global generation of Internet-savvy users the growing capability to access online content at any hour, especially through mobile devices powerful new digital marketing platforms such as Facebook, Google, and YouTube and the growing sophistication and power of both online advertising techniques and the companies that offer them.Angostura has only utilised YouTube to upload two of their TV ads and no presence of a facebook page. Their immediate competitor JWB, have developed extensive tactics utilising the digital world. They have developed mobile applications for Smartphones, they have utilised all the social media which includes facebook and twitter to keep their customer current on all promotion and events that are happening with the brand. They have embraced the technology and expanded on it using it to the

The Classification Of Outliers Psychology Essay

The Classification Of Outliers Psychology EssayThe concern over the outliers is sensation of the challenge existed for at to the lowest degree several hundred years. Outliers argon the observances those be apart from the bulk of info. Edgeworth (1887) wrote that discordant ruminations those appe ared differently from opposite observations with which they are combined. Al nearly every selective information influence has the outliers in different percentages. Grubbs (1969) said that an outlier is wholeness that appears to crook signifi washstandtly from other values of selective information.Sometimes outliers may non be noniced still most of the times they preempt change the entire statistical information analysis. As Peter (1990) explored those observations which do not follow the pattern of the majority of the data are called outliers. At the earlier stage of the data analysis, heavyset statistics much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the essay mean and variance, outlier s sack up cause totally different conclusion. For example a hypothesis may or may not be rejected overdue to outliers. In suit satisfactory regression line outliers can significantly change the slope. The detection of outliers before analyzing the data analysis is not d one(a) then it may lead to model mis particular(prenominal)ation, biased parameter estimation and in castigate results. It is and so important to call the outliers prior to proceed further for analysis and modeling.An observation (or cuneusset of observations) that appears to be inconsistent with the anticipate of data set is called an outlier (Barnet1995). The exact definition of an outlier depends on the conjecture regarding the data structure and the regularitys which are apply to detect the outliers.Outliers are observations that appear to be unusual with respect to the difference of the data.Classification of OutliersOutliers are class into one of four classes. First, an outlier may arise from proce dural error, such as a data first appearance error or a mistake in coding. These outliers should be identified in the data cleaning stage, but if overlooked, they should be eliminated or recorded as missing values. Second, an outlier is the observation that occurs as the result of an wondrous event, which is an explanation for the uniqueness of the observation. In this case the police detective must(prenominal) decide whether the exceptional event should be confronted in the sample. If so, the outlier should be retained in the analysis if not, it should be deleted. Third, outliers may represent extraordinary observations for which the look intoer has no explanation. Although these are the outliers most likely to be omitted, they may be retained if the detective feels they represent a valid segment of the world. Finally, outliers may be observations that fall within the ordinary scope of values on each of the variables but are unique in their combination of values crosswa ys the variables. In these situations, the researcher should be very wakeful in analyzing why these observations are outliers. Only when item evidence is available that discounts an outlier as a valid member of the population should it is deleted.Outliers may be genuinely or ericaceous. Real outliers are observations whose actual values are very different from those observed for rest of the data and violate plausible relationships among variables. Erroneous outliers are observations those are intertwineed due to mis cut acrossing errors in the data-collection process. data set either come from homogeneous groups or from heterogeneous groups, throw away different characteristics regarding a specific variable, outliers occurred by incorrect measurements including data entry errors or by coming from a different population than the rest of the data. If the measurements in correct, it represent a rare event.Outliers are often caused by human error, such as errors in data collection, recording, or entry. Data from an interview can be recorded incorrectly, upon data entry. Outliers may cause from intentional or motivated misreporting.M both times the outliers come when participants purposefully report incorrect data to experimenters or surveyors. A participant may make a conscious parturiency to sabotage the research or may be acting from other motives. Depending on the details of the research, one of two things can happen inflation of all estimates, or production of outliers. If all subjects respond the equivalent way, the dispersion entrust shift upward, not generally causing outliers. However, if only a small sub sample of the group responds this way to the experimenter, or if multiple researchers conduct interviews, then outliers can be created. some other cause of outliers is sampling error. It is possible that a few members of a sample were inadvertently drawn from a different population than the rest of the sample.Outliers can be caused from measurem entization failure like the weak research methodology, unusual phenomena faulty equipment is another common cause of outliers. By these causes data can be legally toss away if the researchers are not interested in studying the particular phenomenon in question. unitary emblem of data entry error is implausible or impossible values, for they make no sense when considering the judge feed of the data. An out-of-range value is often easy to identify since it will most likely lie easy outside the bulk of the data.Another common cause for the occurrence of outliers is the rare event. Extreme observations that for some correct reason are just fine, but do not fit within the typical range of other data valuesThere are many possible sources of outliers. Firstly, purely deterministic reasons those hold reading or measurement error, recording error and execution error.Secondly, some reasons are pointed out by Beckman and cook (1983) they arrange the reasons of outliers into three broad categories. These are global model weaknesses, local model weaknesses and born(p) variability.When we replace the present model with a new are revised model for the entire sample. metre of response variables are in the wrong case is called Global model weakness.Local model weaknesses are use only on the outlying observations and not to the model as a whole. And Natural variability is the variation over the population sooner than any weakness of the model. These reasons are uncontrollable and reflect the properties of distribution of a correct basic model describing the generation of the data.The outliers occurs due to entry error or a mistake in coding should be identified in the data cleaning stage, but if overlooked, they should be eliminated or recorded as missing values.1.3 Problematic effects of outliersOutliers of either type may lure on the results of statistical analysis, so they should be identified by using some suitable and genuine detection methods prior to perform ing data analysis. When potential outlier(s) is encountered, the first suspicion may be that such observations resulted from a mistake or other extraneous effect, and should be discarded. However, if the outlier in real it may be contained some important cultivation rough the underlying population of real values. Non judicious removal of observation that appears to be outliers may results in underestimation of the uncertainty present in the data.In the presence of outliers, any statistical test based on sample means and variances can be distorted. There will be Bias or Distortion of estimates and it will give wrong results. The inflated sum of significants makes it marvellous and will partition sources of variation in the data into meaningful components.The decision point of a import test, p-value, is also distorted. Statistical significance is changed due to presence of a few or even one unusual data value.The strong building of the statistical methods is based on weak legs of assumptions. Incorrect assumptions about the distribution of the data can also lead to the presence of suspected outliers. If the data may have a different structure than the researcher originally assumed, and long or short-term trends may affect the data in unanticipated ways. Depending upon the goal of the research, the extreme values may or may not represent an aspect of the inherent variability of the data.Outliers can represent a nuisance, error, or legitimate data. They can also be inspiration for inquiry. Before discarding outliers, researchers need to consider whether those data contain valuable information that may not necessarily relate to the intended study, but has importance in a more global sense..The considerable effects of outliers are bias or distortion of Estimates, inflated sum of square and ended analysis of the entire data set at faulty conclusions. The key features of descriptive data analysis like the mean, variance and regression coefficient are highly aff ected by outliers.1.4 Aspects of outlierThere are two considerable aspects. The first aspect explains that, outliers have a negative effect on data analysis. Outliers generally cause to increase error variance and reduce the power of statistical tests. Outliers violate the assumption of normality. Outliers can seriously fascinate estimates.The second aspect of outliers in that they are correct, and they may be provides effectual information about data set. It the outliers are most information points they should not be automatically discarded without justification. In this case the analyses perform the analysis both with and without these outliers, and examine their specific influence on the results. If this influence is minor, then it may not matter whether or not they are omitted. If their influence is substantial, then it is credibly best to present the results of both analysis, and simply alert the researcher to the fact that these points may be questionable.The data set may co ntain outliers and influential observation. It is thus important for the data analyst to be able to identify such observation if the data set contains a single outlier or influential observation then identification of such an observation in relatively naive. On the other hand, if the data set contain more than one outlier or influential observations the identification of such observation becomes more difficult. This is due to the marking and swamping effects. Masking occurs when an outlying subset goes undected because of the presence of adjacent subset of outliers. Swamping occurs when good observations are incorrectly identified as outliers because of the presence of other outliers.An outlier is the observation that occurs as the result of an extraordinary event. In this case the researcher must decide about that event. If it represents the sample then that outlier should be retained in the analysis. If that event should not represent the sample it should be deleted.Some time out liers may represent extraordinary observations but the researcher can not explain it. These types of the outlier may be omitted but sometime the may be retained if the researcher feels that they represent a valid segment of the population.Both the detection and the suitable treatment of outliers are therefrom important. In the present scenario of modern sciences where the messy data sets are generated, potentially troublesome outlier detection method(s) should be researched and presented at one place The main feathers of such identify criteria is that imperative to correctly identify outliers amongst abundant masses of data, so that experts can be alerted to the possibility of trouble and investigate the matter in detail.Outliers can provide useful information about the process. An outlier can be created by a shift in the location (mean) or in the scale (variability) of the process. Though an observation in a particular sample might be a candidate as an outlier, the process might be shifted.Numbers of treatments are taken in order to deal with outlier(s) involved studies.Accommodation of outliers uses techniques to mitigate their harmful effects. One of its effectivity is that accommodation of outliers does not need to precede identification. These techniques can be used with prior information that outlier exist.One very effective way to represent with data is to use nonparametric methods which are robust in the presence of outliers. Nonparametric statistical method fit into this type of analyses and should be more widely applied to continuous or interval data than their current use.Often the observed data set do not follow the any of the specified distribution then it is better to transform the data by applying appropriate transformation(s) so that data set could follow the specific distribution.Only as a extreme resort should outliers be deleted, and then only if they are found to be errors they can not be corrected or lie so far outside the range of th e remainder of the data that they distort statistical inferencesOur goal in this thesis is firstly to collect the outliers detection methods in univariate and bivariate/ variable studies followed the Gaussian and Non-Gaussian distributions and secondly to modify them accordingly.1.5 Univariate OutliersIn unvariate data sets, the study of outlier(s) is relatively simple but demands careful attention. Outliers are those values located distant from the bulk of the data and can often be revealed from simple plot of the data, such as scatter plot, stem-and-leaf plot, QQ-plot, etc.Sometimes univariate outliers are not easy to identify as would appear at first sight. Barnet and Lewis (1994) indicate that an outlying observation, or outlier, is one that appears differently and amuse markedly from other members of the sample, in which it occur. A common rule for outlier identification might be to number the sample mean and standard deviation, and classify all those points as outliers whic h are at 2 or 3 standard deviations away from the mean. It is an unfortunate reality that the presence of two or more outliers could chip in some or most of the outliers invisible to this method. If there is one or more distant outlier and one or more not so distant outlier in the same direction, the more distant outlier(s) could significantly shift the mean in that direction, and also increase the standard deviation, to such an extent that the lesser outlier(s) locomote less than 2 or 3 standard deviations from the sample mean, and goes undetected. This is called the masking effect, and results in this particular method and all related methods being unsuitable for use as outlier identification techniques. It is illustrated with an example, borrowed from Becker and Gather 1999.Consider a data set of 20 observations taken from an N (0, 1) distribution -2.21, -1.84, -0.95, -0.91, -0.36, -0.19, -0.11, -0.10, 0.18, 0.30, 0.31, 0.43, 0.51, 0.64, 0.67, 0.72, 1.22, 1.35, 8.1, 17.6, where the latter two observations were originally 0.81 and 1.76, but the decimal points were entered at the wrong place. It seems clear that these 2 observations should be labeled as outliers let us apply the above method. The mean of this data set is 1.27 while the standard deviation is 4.35. Two standard deviations from the mean, towards the right, would be 9.97, while three standard deviations would be 14.32. Both criteria regard the point, 8.1, as expected with likely probability and do not consider it an outlier. Additionally, the three standard deviation boundary for detecting outliers seems rather extreme for an N (0, 1) dataset, surely a point would not have to be as broad as 14.32 to be classified as an outlier. The masking effect occurs quite commonly in make and we conclude that outlier methods based on classical statistics are unsuitable for general use, particularly in situations requiring non-visual techniques such as variable data. It is worth noting, however, that if instead of the sample mean and standard deviation, robust estimates of location and scale were used (such as the sample median, and median absolute deviation, MAD), both outliers would be detected without difficulty.1.6 multivariate OutliersMultivariate outliers are the challenges that do not occur with univariate data sets. For instance, visual methods simply do not work in case of multivariate case studies. Even plotting the data in bivariate form with a systematic rotation of coordinate pairs will not help. It is possible (and occurs frequently in practice) that points which are outliers in bivariate space, are not outliers in either of the two univariate subsets. Generalization to higher dimensions leads to the fact that a multivariate outlier does not have to be an outlier in any of its univariate or bivariate coordinates, at least not without some kind of transformationA successful method of identifying outliers in all multivariate situations would be ideal, but is unrealistic . By successful, we mean both highly sensitive, the ability to detect genuine outliers, and highly specific, the ability to not mistake regular points for outliers.

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work Essay

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social scat Es imagineIntroductionPublic concern over adolescent versed health and the resolutions to these concerns has over the past leash tenners generated political debate and academician inquiry the world over. At the core of adolescent cozy health is the issue of puerile matriarchal quality. S come forthh Africa has non been sp ard from the argufys puerile gestation period presents. query into jejune m early(a)liness in South Africa began in the 1980s. In an try to soften the prevalence of puerile maternal quality, academics and policy makers alike stimulate true(p) non-homogeneous strategies and policies targeting adolescents. Yet three decades afterward, young gestation period still stiff a topical issue in South Africa.About 16 million adolescent girls betwixt 15 and 19 historic period fall in birth each year worldwide, and 80% of these girls ar ready in developing countries (World Health Organisati on, 2010). In South Africa, 40% of all births carry girls under the age of 19 years, and 35% of these teens, pass water birth so iodiner reaching the age of 19 years (Medical investigate Council, 2009).According to the de piece of musicment of introductory Education (2009), in South Africa, a total of 45,000 juvenilers were significant in 2008, charm the number increased to 49,000 in 2009.This chapter examines literature on young gestation, and de subroutine dish up in providing rationale and context for this news report. This literature analyse give deviate from the traditional Knowledge, Attitude and Perception (KAP) literature studies that specify individuals from brotherly, cultural and economic contexts that influences and shape their lives. The weakness of KAP studies is that they do not remark the effect of cultural, economic and well-disposed actors on human behavior. Jewkes et al. (2001) add that KAP studies on teenage maternity in South Africa wo rkout up mainly been descriptive and do not make an effort to account for the gap mingled with familiarity, attitude and perception. In effort to account for these discrepancies, and come up with gaps in teenage pregnancy explore, this literature re forecast has been split up into the fol menialing deuce sections (i) the consequences of minor bearing on teenagers, and (ii) factors contri provideding to teenage pregnancy.CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDBEARING FOR TEENAGERSThe scrap of unplanned and discarded pregnancy for a teenager has long-term consequences, not single for the mother, but for alliance as a whole, with far-reaching implications for economic and genial development. Mpanza (201066) effectuates forward that teenagers who ivory out of check out-of-pocket to pregnancy never do well after they make from childbirth, this great deal be attributed to divided loyalties between taking c ar of the child and continuation of enlighten. Because of its commonly unwanted an d unplanned nature, teenage pregnancy always poses a health and friendly assay, a point further asserted by Edgardh (2000), hero and Genius (2004), Santelli (2000), and Petiffor et al. (2004). These studies confirm that beforehand(predicate) shake upual initiation is a predictor of violent versed behaviour and is much likely to be non-consensual, unprotected and to be subsequently regretted, bequeathing in unplanned and unwanted pregnancy. art object the consequences of teenage pregnancy atomic number 18 varied, it is important to acknowledge that teenage pregnancy is a result of a complex set of varied, but interrelated factors. An translateing of these factors exit enable a better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy.Disruption of schoolTeenage pregnancy has the potential of limiting a learners future race prospects. For the pregnant learner, imminent motherhood forces her to drop out of school as she is una ble to continue polling (Macleod Tracey, 2009). Learners ar forced to abjure school when their pregnancy has progressed as schools are considerate of their state (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The Department of Educations (DoE) 2007 Measures for the legal profession and Management of Learner maternity makes it possible for educators to request learners clear a leave of absence for up to two years (Macleod Tracey, 200915). Even with legislation in place, pregnant teenagers are sent away from school earliest than they should (ibid). This is probably payable to the perception that pregnant learners are a big(p) influence to other learners.Vagueness and ambiguity of the education guideline presents a challenge to the educators who are remaining to interpret it at their discretion. For instance, the document endows the accountability of parenting heavily on the learner, and states that a period of two years whitethorn be necessary for this purpose. No learner shall be should be r e-admitted in the alike year that they left school due to pregnancy (DoE, 20075), educators are left to decide how long the learner stays away from school. This ruling whitethorn be in conflict with the proclivitys of the unseas sensationd mother who whitethorn leave sufficient support at shell, which enables her to return to school earlier than evaluate (Bhana Swartz, 2009).Young commences are also affected by pregnancy, albeit disparately. It has been reported that imp halting fatherhood, cultural and societal expectations may force the young father to leave school and seek employment. This is conditional as it depends on whether the boy accepts state or not (Shefer Morrell, 2012 Bhana Swartz, 2009).However, Macleod and Tracey (2009) argue that the level of disruption caused by pregnancy on learners is debatable as learners drop out of school for various authors of which teenage pregnancy is one. Preston-Whyteand Zondi (1992) moderate with this assignion. Manzinis (2001) study of teenage pregnancy in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) evokes that to a greater extent than 20.6% of pregnant teenagers had already dropped out of school before move pregnant. Apart from locomote pregnant, teenagers may leave school due to frustrations associated with the incompleteness of teachers, who often are required to teach in areas that are not their expertise, and a neglect of relevance of the curriculum and teaching materials (Human Science go through into Council, 2007). Among factors within the home that led to drop-out, learners in this study cited the absence of parents at home, financial difficulties and the need to care for siblings or sick family member.Strassburg et al. (2010) and Fleisch et al. (2010) concur with the 2007 HRSC celebrateings and assert that the reasons teenagers drop out of school are a combination of inter-related factors. As such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), Fleisch et al. (2010) note that poverty alone cannot best explain why teenagers drop out of school, because on that point are other factors such as academic ability of the teenager, teacher-pupil relationship, support from home and school, alcohol and drug abuse and family coordinate that contribute to school dropout.Lloyd and Mensch (199585) summa bring up the various reasons why teenagers may drop out of school by stating that,Rather than pregnancy cause girls to drop out, the lack of social and economic opportunities for girls and women and the domestic demands placed on them, coupled with the knowledgeableity inequities of the education system, may result in inadequate school experiences, poor academic per dramatis personaeance, and acquiescence in or s of early motherhood.However, pregnancy ranks among the top contributors to school dropout for girls in South Africa (HRSC, 2009).While pregnancy may not be the reason for leaving school, child care is a reason for not reverting to school. Manzini (2001) indicates that young mothers, who ta ke up to take care of their babies, and find it difficult to juggle student animateness and being a mother, ultimately drop out. Various reasons for not returning to school reach been explored, among them being a lack of a support structure, financial challenges and advance to a Child Support Grant (CSG). Research in South Africa indicates that teenagers who do not confine support from their families and postulate financially once the baby is born, usually dropout of school so as to pull up stakes for the baby and themselves (Bhana Swartz, 2009). On the other hand, studies in Brazil and Guatemala indicate that girls are forced to image for jobs to supplement family income and take care of the new-fangled family member ( dormman et al., 2005).Young mothers who form support structures in the form of parents and grandparents have an opportunity of returning to school (Grant Hallman, 2006). Matthews et al. (2008) concur and maintain that the presence of an sr. female in the family enables learners to return to school, while the absence of the same forces them to look for alternative ways of making a living. This is the same with teenage fathers who have accepted responsibility and have family that is prepared to support the child (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The return to school in South Africa is motivated by a desire for a better life. Anecdotal differentiate counsels that parents of African teenage mothers usually send the teenager keister to school, since she has a higher chance of tilt high bride footing in the event that she gets married. In the African tone system, an educated woman is bound to fetch a higher price than that of an uneducated one (Macleod, 2009 Mkwananzi, 2011 Bhana, Swartz Morrell, 2012). Kaufman, de Wet and Stadler (2000) concur, adding that the fact that the teenager has proven her fullness actually increases her chances of marriage in future. Interestingly, teenagers in Hlabanganas 2012 study in Soweto (South Africa) indic ated that locomote pregnant before marriage decreases the bride price, as prospective grooms consider the teenage mothers as used goods. Reasons for returning to school after pregnancy may vary for twain sexual urgees, but the important part is that the teenager is back in school.Clearly the effects of teenage pregnancy on the teenager vary for the young parents, the difference may lie in the financial circumstances of the teenagers family and on the part of the young father whether or not he accepts responsibility of the pregnancy. The consequences of dropping out of school for teenage girls due to pregnancy cannot be overestimated, especially in a continent where the sawing machine when you educate a woman , you educate a nation holds true (Hubbard, 2009 223). The main thrust of the study is to understand why teenagers continue locomote pregnant in the face of efforts by the South African politics in trying to manage teenage pregnancy. In an effort to control and manage teen age pregnancy, the government has provided youth-friendly clinics, life skills programmes in schools and is currently on a much opposed drive to supply condoms in schools. contrary for distributing condoms in schools comes from parents who fear that by distributing condoms in schools, teenagers are given confirmative permission to indulge in sexual activities.In light of the efforts make by the South African government and a decade of expending on teenage pregnancy management, figures still indicate that teenage pregnancy rates are on the increase nationwide. Disruption of school, as a consequence of teenage pregnancy merits scrutiny in this study, as it volition enable an understanding of their perceived effect of teenage pregnancy on young girls who are pregnant.health attemptsResearch on health risks associated with early childbirth in teenagers is mainly divided into two main camps. ace camp argues that teenagers are at risk of health problems due to their socio-economic stead. The other camp, which is scientific, argues that age at first childbirth puts young women at risk of health problems as she is not mature enough to push the baby, and this proves calamitous to both mother and child. Some young mothers who have assisted births end up having obstetric complications such as hemorrhaging and damage to the womb. Macleod (2009) identifies paucity of seek in South Africa in terms of health risks associated with early childbirth. grow at first child birth contributes to a range of complications, including pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, hinder and prolonged labour, pocket-sized-spirited birth weight, preterm labour and delivery, perinatal and infant mortality, and maternal mortality (WHO, 2007). These complications are usually associated with the physical immaturity of teenagers, an assertion that Cameron (1996) supports and adds that special access to health care services is another contributing factor to the range of complications. He suggests that complications become more pronounced when the teenager decides to force out pregnancy (Cameroon, 199683).In South Africa, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (No. 92 of 1996) al humbles minors under the age of 18 years to terminate a pregnancy without the consent of either parents or guardians. Manzini (2001) suggests that due to health personnel attitudes, teenagers are forced to have unsafe abortions, which may lead to death. Lack of support structure before and after solution maybe the reason for teenagers resorting to self-administered terminations and this usually leads to irreversible damage to the womb or even death (Petiffor et al., 2005).sexually active young fathers face diametrical health challenges from those of the young mother and child. Bhana and Swartz (2009) indicate that young fathers in pallium Town (South Africa), often have multiple and concurrent partners (MCP), and this puts them at abundant risk of contracting and spreading human im munodeficiency virus. However, they are quick to mention that threatening fatherhood for those that have accepted responsibility is cause for behaviour change. MCPs are one of the main drivers of the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (Halperin Epstein, 2007). Young men put themselves at risk by practicing unprotected sex with multiple partners who themselves may be part of a potentially sexual network.Geronimus and Sanders (1992) observe that young African American women who live in conditions of poverty are more prone to problems as they are unable to access pre- and post-natal care. They note that this is different for white teenage mothers who are the bulk of teenage mothers in America. Geronimus and Sanders (1992) suggest that this may be due to the differences in economic status of the teenagers. Macleod (1999) points out that despite their socio-economic status, teenage mothers hardly ever access pre- and post-natal services. This may be due to the stigma associated wit h teenage pregnancy, and may also be due to the attitudes of service providers. While studies may site negative attitudes of staff towards teenagers (Wood Jewkes, 2003), Ehlers (2003) paints a more positive picture, arguing that youth-friendly services initiated by South Africas Department of Health (DoH) have made great strides in addressing the stigma addicted to adolescent sexual practice.The Child Support Grant (CSG)Social grants or aid can best be described as non-contributory cash transfer programmes set up by the government for the under privileged, aged or vulnerable (Grosh et al., 2008). Social grants are very important as they assist in alleviating poverty, reducing the level of vulnerability of vulnerable groups in society and providing social insurance to the vulnerable groups in society (Neves et al., 2009).The CSG was first introduced in South Africa in April 1998 as a poverty alleviation strategy for the poorest children (Parliamentary Liaison Office, 2007). Init ially restricted to children under the age of seven years, it was later extended to include 14 year olds in 2003. According to Hall (2011), the CSG pay-out in 2011 was R275 per month per child.A lot of debate surrounds the CSG and teenage pregnancy in South Africa with the media fuelling the opinion that teenagers fall pregnant to access the CSG. favourite opinion states that the CSG has led to a perverse incentive for teenagers to conceive and go on to spend the money on personal goods (Macleod, 2006). In result to the media outcry, the Department of Social Development (DSD) commissioned research into the matter in 2006. The research concluded that thither was no direct relationship between CSG and teenage pregnancy (Kesho Consulting, 2006). Other research by Makiwane and Udjo (2006) concluded that there is no evidence that the CSG leads to an increase in welfare dependency in South Africa. Furthermore, during the period in which the CSG has been offered, rates of termination of pregnancy have increased (Macleod, 2009). In 1998, when the CSG was introduced, abortion rates were at 4.1%, a decade later abortion rates were at their all-time high of 8.1 %, and in 2011 they were at 6.3%. Macleod (2009) suggests that the high rate of abortion amongst teenagers, in the face of the CSG, is evidence that there is no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy.Matsidiso Nehemia Naong (2011) concurs with research that indicates that there is no link between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. In her study of three of South Africas provinces (Free State, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape), Naongs sample of 302 school principals and 225 Grade 12 learners indicated that there was no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Instead, the study concluded that poverty, catch pressure and substance abuse contributed to teenage pregnancy. Naong concludes that teenage pregnancy and CSG are divorced and any influence between the two is negligible.Interestingly enough, a necdotic evidence suggests that more and more teenage girls are falling pregnant in an effort to access the CSG so as to complement kinsperson earning or in well-nigh instances the CSG is the main ascendant of income. In such cases teenage pregnancy ceases to be unplanned and becomes planned and unwanted. In a 2005 study of CSG use in KZN, Case, Hosegood and Lund (2005) showed that 12.1% of pregnant teenagers who had conceived cited the CSG as the reason. Tyali (2012) in his study of HIV and AIDS communicating in Platfontein (South Africa) put up that teenagers were deliberately falling pregnant so as to access the CSG, while others wanted to access the HIV and AIDS grant.Marsh and Kaus (2010) study of teenagers perceptions and understanding of teenage pregnancy, sexuality and abortion concurs with Tyalis (2012) conclusion that teenagers deliberately fall pregnant to access the CSG. utilize a population sample of 35 teenagers (24 girls and 11 boys), Marsh and Kau (2010) observ ed that the CSG was perceived as means of increasing household income, by having a baby, the teenager then contributes towards the household income through access of the CSG. Interestingly, Marsh and Kaus research population indicated that the influence or pressure to bear children in rate to access the CSG came from family. On the other hand other teenagers see to ited the CSG as a way of increasing the pocket money for clothes and cell phones.On the other hand, the CSG has been credited with enabling teenager mothers to return to school. The CSG is associated with an increase in school attendance and improved child health and nutrition. Thus, the grant can be associated with an improvement in the lives of children whose caregivers receive the CSG on their behalf (Macleod, 200924).It will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive the relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Their attitudes regarding the grant will also be important in the homework of a communic ation intervention, and eventually contribute towards efforts to manage teenage pregnancy rates.CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TEENAGE PREGNANCYThe present study does not look at pregnant teenagers knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy instead it focuses on non-pregnant teenagers knowledge attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. Having said that, contributing factors to teenage pregnancy merit geographic expedition as these factors will shed light on knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. grounds how teenagers make meaning of teenage pregnancy through their knowledge, attitudes and skills is important in particular if this understanding is viewed through the contributory factors to teenage pregnancy.Contributing factors to teenage pregnancy are important for this study as they will put the study in context and enable the researcher not to take the revisionist and reductionist approach towards teenage pregnancy. The reductioni st and revisionist approaches to teenage pregnancy geld other non-sexual factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy. The following contributing factors were apparent in this review of the literature and will be dealt with in the following sectionsFamily relationsFamily is an important unit for socialisation as it enables the sharing of beliefs and ideals that lead to societal norms. Research indicates that family relations are an important aspect in teenage pregnancy rates. Eaton (2003) and Bhana (2004) found that teenagers with single parents were prone to risky sexual behaviour, and pregnancy compared to those with both parents. This may be attributed to issues to do with shared control and responsibility of both parents, whereas in single family parents control is vested in one parent. Family form becomes a protective condition to young people. Muchuruza (2000) concurs and puts forward that in Tanzania teenagers approach shot from single parent families have risky sexual beha viour and are more likely to become young parents. Where the single parent struggles to provide for the girl child, the girl is at greater risk of pregnancy as she has to look for means of survival and usually this is achieved through intergenerational relationships. The major reason why teenagers manoeuvre in intergenerational relationships with fourth-year men and women is that they see them as providers of social status symbols such as flashy cell phones and jewellery, while at the same time taking care of their basic postulate. such relationships jeopardize the health of the two people involved as the teenager is unable to negotiate for safe sex because of fear of losing their economic goals (Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). nigh documented research on intergenerational relationships is between girls and sugar daddies. These sugar daddies sense that such relationships are transactional hence there is no need for them to use protection (ibid). Such relationships leave the teenager v ulnerable to HIV and AIDS, pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and to sexual manipulation.Bhanas (2004) Cape Town (South Africa) study found that 66% of the teenagers reported that family norms enabled them to have people to advise them on how to live a constructive life, while 55% said that availability of family members acted as source of control for their sexual behaviour. This is evidence that family relations play an important part in the behaviour of teenagers and most importantly their sexual behaviour.The presence of a responsible biological father encourages girls to delay their sexual debut and instils in boys a sense of sexual responsibility. Blum and Mmari (2005) point out that the presence of a male figure in a household and their attitude to sexual behaviour plays an important part in influencing teenagers sexual behaviour. They found that girls with father figures who were against antenuptial sex were less likely to engage in premarital sex and experien ce unplanned pregnancy, compared to those with father figures who had sexually permissive attitudes and those without fathers. In the same context, Lovings (1993) investigation into the connection between family relationships and teenage pregnancy in Durban (South Africa), established that warm relationships between fathers and their female childs played an important role in delaying young girls sexual initiation.Mfono (2008) holds the view that teenage girls whose mothers were teenage mothers themselves have a greater chance of being teenage mothers. Arai (2008) observed that in Britain and America, the daughter of a teenage mother is one and a half more likely to become a teenage mother herself than the daughter of an older mother. This, according to Hlabangana (2012) is due to the fact that these teenagers come from communities where it is normal to be a teenage mother, since almost everyone has been or is a teenage mother. The HRSCs 2008 study of perceptions towards teenage pre gnancy in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban (South Africa) coincides with Hlabanganas assertion that teenage pregnancy has been normalised. According to the respondents of the HRSC study, non-pregnant teenagers are viewed as the other, and are asked when they too will be pregnant. Such attitudes make teenage pregnancy a way of life, and teenagers themselves view teenage pregnancy as a reality that forms a part of everyday life rather than an alien occurrence (HRSC, 2008).This cycle self-perpetuates from one generation to another until it becomes acceptable and normal for teenagers to fall pregnant. The intergenerational cycle is a result of a lack of upward(a) mobility upward mobility is an individuals ability to rise above their current social or economic position (Hlabangana, 2012). Arai (2008) considers this low expectation on the part of teenagers, as one of the reasons that perpetuates the intergenerational cycle of teenage pregnancy. This she attributes to structural factors in deprived communities such as schools that fail to give teenagers a reason to feel entitled to anything. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy may be rooted in the lack of upward mobility that Arai refers to.Arai (2008) notes that in Britain, the low expectation argument for teenage pregnancy is a powerful one as evidenced by many British researchers (Garlick et al., 1993 Rosato, 1999 Selman, 1998 Smith, 1993 Wilson, 1991). She puts forward that in Britain, teenage pregnancy is very high amongst teenagers who do not have family support, come from broken homes, are raised by single parents, have difficulty with school and who come from socially deprived backgrounds. According to Arai (2008), teenagers from such backgrounds have access to contraception and sexual health information, but ostentation a deficiency in their knowledge of sexual health, proper incumbrance use, are shy to engage in sexual health communication and are wary to access s ervices for sexual health.In a 1999 study in Northumberland, Britain, it was discovered that teenage parents had low educational motion and low expectations of their future prior to their parenthood Arai (2009). She notes that these teenagers went on to have low paying jobs where they had to work long hours. In another Scottish study, (Smith,1993 in Arai, 2009) observed that teenagers from deprived backgrounds were six times likely to fall pregnant and then abort than their counter parts from well to do areas. These studies, underpin Arai (2009) and Hlabanganas (2009) notion of upward mobility and entitlement for more on the part of the teenagers.Interestingly, Rutenberg et al. (20035) in their study of attitudes towards HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy in KZN (South Africa) discovered that for some adolescents, increasing opportunities and aspirations for education and employment, in addition to the perceived risk of HIV and pregnancy, results in many adolescents not wanting an early pregnancy. Rutenberg et al.s study, validates Arais (2008) and Hlabanganas (2009) assertion that teenagers with a low sense of upward mobility are most likely to find themselves as teenage parents while those with a high level of upward mobility are most likely to prevent themselves from early parenthood. This study will seek to unearth these varying dynamics in an effort to understand teenagers attitudes towards other teenagers who fall pregnant.economic statusPregnancies among teenagers are related to social problems, and this is predominant in developing countries and in particular poverty infatuated communities. Risky sexual behaviours among teenagers are more likely to occur in poor families and those with single families. Lack of resources forces girls to become sexually involved in an effort to get material gains (Jewkes, Morrell Christofides, 2009). Hallman (2004) found that in South Africa low income families contributed to risky sexual behaviour among young people in both rural and urban areas. The study argues that low income accounts for girls decision to engage in risky sexual behaviour in trying to make ends meet. Macleod (2009) and Manzini (2009) concur with Hallman, and further add that young people from low economic statuses are most likely not to use condoms. This is attributed to lack of access to health services, reproductive health information and proper support structures from other social institutions.Teenagers who find themselves in intergenerational relationships find themselves unable to negotiate safe sex practices in fear of jeopardising their economic goals (Panday et al., 2009 Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). Many young women not only engage in risky sexual activities to meet their basic needs such as money, food and clothing, but also to satisfy wants such as expensive cell phones, high-class jewellery and rides in sumptuousness cars (Hunter, 2002 Leclerc-Madlala, 2004). Chances of teenage pregnancy become high when the teenager comes from a home without adult supervision and most likely poor economic standing. Mfono (2003) confirms these arguments stating that teenagers are at high risk of pregnancy if they come from financially disadvantaged backgrounds, or if they succumb to peer pressure to engage in sexual activities for economic gain.On the other hand, teenage girls reject the transactional sex let out and state that they are able to make do with what is available without having to engage in intergenerational and transactional relationships with older partners. Sathiparsad and Taylors (2011) study of 335 girls and boys in eThekwini Secondary Schools in Durban (South Africa) revealed that girls view themselves as independent and rational thinkers. These girls suggested that they do not think that sex is synonymous with love, and assert their power as individuals by their ability to say no to unprotected sex. This is indicative of girls resisting manipulation and normative submission (ibid). For the pu rposes of this study, it will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive economic status as a contributing factor to teenage pregnancy.Gender dynamicsThe South African DoHs Policy Guidelines for Youth and Adolescent Health (2001) locates gender considerations as fundamental to the health of young people. The policy guidelines identify sexual health and sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, gender-based military force, coercive sex and gang rapes as areas of concern that put young women in particular at risk of HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy.Dunkle et al. (2004) in their study of young women attend ante-natal clinics in Soweto (South Africa) discovered that over half of the women aged between 15 and 30 years had been exposed to sexual violence. Another survey, conducted by the intend Parenthood Association of South Africa (PPASA) in six of South Africas provinces, found that 20% of girls reported forced sexual encounters or were sexually assaulted (PPASA, 2003). Similarly, Vundule et al. (2001) found that 33% of girls in South Africa have their first intercourse as a result of force, including rape. Where there is unequal power distribution and lack of negotiation skills, pregnancy ceases to be a matter of choice.Sexual violence alters the power relations in any relationship, and in most cases women are vulnerable and unable to negotiate safe sex. Teenagers may avoid negotiating birth control device usage, in particular condoms, for fear not only of violent reactions, but also of emotional rejection, of being labelled unfaithful or HIV positive (Wood, Maforah Jewkes, 1998). Furthermore, women attempting to use other invisible contraceptive methods, such as the injection, may be accused by their partners of causing infertility, disabled babies and vaginal